-NRLF 


OF  THE 


^lorida  West-Coast 


OF  THE 


ATALACHICOLA  RIVER 


By  CLARENCE  B.  MOORE 

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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


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CERTAIN 


ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS 


OF  THE 


FLORIDA  CENTRAL  WEST-COAST 


BY 


CLARENCE    B.  MOORE. 

\\ 


REPRINT   FROM   THE   JOURNAL   OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF   NATURAL 
SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA,  VOLUME    XII. 
PHILADELPHIA, 


PHILADELPHIA: 

P.  C.  STOCKHAUSEN, 

1903. 


i)\ 


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OUTLINE  MAP  OP  FLORIDA 

Showing   author  s  explorations 

Scale  in  miles 


1903 


Crystal  River 


S 


& 


<J> 


MW  OF  PART  OF  THE  WEST  COAST  OF  FLORIDA 

Comjjilsdfrom  U.S.  Government  Charts  Nos.  ijj,  if»,  ija, 
Scale  in  TTilles 


1903 

X  indicates  mouna 


H    I    L  L   5    B     0     R     0 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS  OF  THE  CENTRAL  FLORIDA 

WEST-COAST. 

BY  CLARENCE  B.  MOORE. 

During  the  seasons  1901  and  1902  we  investigated  the  aboriginal  remains  of 
the  northwest  Florida  coast,  beginning  at  Perdido  bay,  the  coast-boundary  between 
Alabama  and  Florida,  and  ending  at  the  town  of  Cedar  Keys1  (see  outline  map). 

This  season  (1903),  our  work  was  directly  continued  down  the  west  coast  of 
Florida,  beginning  at  the  Suwannee  river,  just  above  Cedar  Keys,  and  continuing 
through  Waccasassa  bay,  Withlacoochee  bay,  Crystal  bay,  Homosassa  bay,  Chas- 
sahowitzka  bay,  St.  Joseph's  sound  and  along  the  Gulf  coast  and  islands  to  Tampa 
bay,  including  short  journeys  up  the  various  rivers  along  the  route. 

Much  of  the  territory  covered  by  us  is  sparsely  settled,  so  that  information  as 
to  the  locality  of  mounds  is  difficult  to  obtain  and,  therefore,  although  search  had 
been  made  in  advance  for  us  by  two  agents,  and  over  part  of  the  distance  by  four, 
yet  we  doubt  not  that  some  mounds  have  escaped  us,  as,  no  doubt,  have  numerous 
cemeteries.  By  cemeteries,  we  mean  where  burials  have  been  under  level  ground, 
unmarked  by  mounds.  We  do  not  believe  these  burials  were  enclosed  in  urns. 

As  we  had  anticipated,  the  yield  of  earthenware  from  the  mounds  of  the  cen 
tral  west-coast  of  Florida  did  not  equal  that  from  the  mounds  of  the  northwest 
Florida  coast,  though  a  few  vessels  found  intact  and  many  sherds,  showed  that  the 
aborigines  of  the  central  west-coast  had  been  possessed  of  some  excellent  ware 
bearing  decorations  showing  no  mean  ability.  Life-forms  in  earthenware  were 
conspicuous  by  their  absence. 

In  reference  to  the  earthenware  described  in  this  report  we  quote  from  our 
report  of  last  season. 

"  All  measurements  of  earthenware  reported  in  this  volume  are  approximate. 

"  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  in  respect  to  process  work  that  reductions  in  size 
are  made  with  regard  to  diameter  and  not  area.  If  a  diagram  four  inches  by  two 
inches  is  to  be  reduced  one-half,  each  diameter  is  divided  by  two  and  the  reproduc 
tion,  which  is  called  half  size,  is  two  inches  by  one  inch.  The  area  of  the  original 
diagram,  however,  is  eight  square  inches,  while  that  of  the  so-called  half-size  repro 
duction  is  two  square  inches,  or  one-quarter  the  area.  To  find  the  actual  size  of  a 
design  shown  in  diagram,  multiply  the  length  and  the  breadth  by  two,  if  the  diagram 
is  given  'half  size;'  by  three,  if  'one-third,'  and  so  on. 

1  "Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Northwest  Florida  Coast,"  Parts  I  and  II.    Journ.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.  of  Phila.     Vols.  XI,  XII. 

*  46  JOUEN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XII. 


364     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

"  In  a  few  cases  partial  restoration  of  vessels  has  been  attempted,  but  always 
in  a  material  differing  in  color  from  the  original,  so  that  the  restoration  may  be 
readily  recognized,  and  it  has  been  done  only  when  the  remainder  of  the  vessel 
clearly  indicated  the  size  and  shape  of  the  missing  part." 

All  objects  found  by  us,  with  the  exception  of  certain  duplicates  sent  to  the 
Museum  of  Phillips  Academy,  Andover,  Mass.,  may  be  seen  at  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

Dr.  M.  G.  Miller,  who  has  aided  us  in  all  our  previous  mound  work,  deter 
mined  as  to  human  remains  this  season  as  before,  and  assisted  us  in  a  general  way 
in  the  field  work  and  in  putting  this  report  through  the  press. 

Our  warm  thanks  are  tendered  owners  of  the  mounds  investigated  by  us,  who, 
to  a  man,  when  requested,  accorded  fullest  permission  to  dig. 

Mounds  Investigated. 

Mounds  near  Fowler's  Landing,  Suwannee  river  (2). 

Mound  near  Cedar  Keys,  Gulf  coast. 

Mound  near  Gigger  Point,  Gulf  coast. 

Mounds  near  Dry  creek,  Waccasassa  bay  (2). 

Mound  near  Bear  Landing,  Withlacoochee  river. 

Mound  near  Rock  Landing,  Crystal  river. 

Mound  near  the  Shell-heap,  Crystal  river. 

Mound  near  Crystal  river  settlement,  Crystal  river. 

Mound  near  Chassahowitzka  river. 

Mound  near  Indian  Bend,  Gulf  coast. 

Mound  near  Bayport,  Gulf  coast. 

Mound  near  Indian  creek,  Gulf  coast. 

Mound  near  Wekiwachee  river,  Gulf  coast. 

Mound  near  Pithlochascootie  river. 

Mound  on  Hog  island,  St.  Joseph's  sound. 

Mound  near  Clearwater,  Clearwater  Harbor. 

Mound  near  John's  Pass,  Gulf  coast. 

Mound  on  Long  Key,  Gulf  coast. 

MOUND  NEAR  FOWLER'S  LANDING,  LEVY  COUNTY. 

Fowler's  Landing  is  about  sixteen  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Suwannee 
river,  on  the  right-hand  side,  going  up,  though  but  a  short  distance,  by  land,  from 
the  waters  of  the  Gulf,  so  the  mound  may  be  fairly  classed  as  belonging  to  the 
coast.  It  was  in  thick  scrub,  on  property  of  the  East  Coast  Lumber  Co.,  about 
one-quarter  mile  in  NE.  direction  from  the  landing.  Adjacent,  were  excavations 
whence  material  for  the  mound  had  been  taken.  This  mound,  of  sand,  as  were  all 
investigated  by  us  along  the  coast,  unless  otherwise  described,  was  circular  in  out 
line  ;  was  7  feet  high  and  50  feet  across  the  base.  It  had  suffered  considerably 


j 


r 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     305 

from  previous  digging.  In  addition  to  a  number  of  smaller  holes,  a  trench  about 
4  feet  deep  and  11  feet  wide  had  been  dug  from  the  western  margin  about  20  feet 
in  toward  the  center.  Over  the  surface  of  the  mound  were  fragments  of  human 
bone  and  bits  of  earthenware.  This  mound,  which  was  completely  dug  down  by 
us,  had  a  clearly  defined  base-line,  marking  the  original  surface  upon  which  the 
mound  had  been  piled.  No  grave-pits  were  present,  and  of  the  forty-seven  burials 
found  by  us,  none  lay  upon  the  base  and  none  was  over  3.5  feet  from  the  surface. 

Burials  were  encountered  near  the  margin  and  were  not  confined  to  any  part 
or  parts  of  the  mound.  They  increased  in  number  as  the  digging  progressed,  the 
majority  of  the  burials  being  in  the  body  of  the  mound.  In  form,  the  burials  were 
of  the  bunched  variety  and  consisted  of  certain  bones  without  the  cranium ;  bones 
with  one,  two  or  three  skulls ;  and,  in  one  case,  a  bunch  with  four  skulls.  The 
bones  were  all  badly  decayed.  No  crania  were  in  a  condition  to  keep,  though  a  few 
calvaria,  which  held  together  temporarily,  showed  no  cranial  flattening. 

Objects  deposited  with  the  dead  were  singularly  few.  Near  a  burial,  lay  frag 
ments  of  a  marine  shell  {Fulgur}}  With  another  burial  was  part  of  an  earthenware 
vessel  having  a  bird-head  handle  but,  as  sherds  were  scattered  throughout  the 
mound,  the  proximity  of  this  one  may  have  been  accidental.  Hammer  stones, 
pebbles  and  the  like  were  conspicuously  absent.  Two  "  celts,"  not  associated  with 
burials,  fell  with  caving  sand.2 

In  the  extreme  edge  of  the  mound,  on  the  west,  was  an  undccorated  pot  of 
very  inferior  ware,  badly  broken.  With  it  was  a  vessel  with  globular  body  and 
upright  neck  around  which  was  a  complicated  stamp  decoration.  Both  these 
vessels  had  the  usual  mortuary  mutilation  made  by  knocking  out  a  part  of  the 
bottom,  as  had  all  vessels  met  with  by  us  in  this  mound. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  the  occurrence  here  of  the  complicated  stamp,  the 
specialty  of  Georgia.  It  is  frequently  met  with  to  the  northward  in  Florida,  as  the 
readers  of  our  two  reports  on  the  northwest  coast  may  recall,  and  its  occurrence 
much  farther  south  along  the  coast  will  be  described  in  this  report.  On  the  St. 
John's  river,  however,  it  was  found  by  us  no  farther  south  than  about  ten  miles 
above  Palatka,  about  on  a  line  with  this  Fowler's  Landing  mound. 

Also  in  a  marginal  part  of  the  mound,  to  the  southeast,  were  many  large  frag 
ments  of  vessels,  undecorated,  all  of  inferior  ware,  water-soaked  and  crushed.  In 
addition,  four  vessels  were  recovered,  nearly  whole,  with  the  exception  of  the  basal 
perforation.  Of  these,  Vessel  No.  4,  undecorated  save  for  several  encircling  incised 
lines,  somewhat  resembles  a  dumb-bell  in  shapo,  though  the  base  has  been  per 
fectly  flat.  A  vessel  much  like  this  one  is  shown  in  Fig.  151  in  the  second  part  of 
our  report  on  the  northwest  Florida  coast. 

1  All  determinations  of  shells  have  been  made  by  Dr.  H.  A.  Pilsbry  and  Mr.  E.  G.  Vanatta,  of 
the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 

2  Thanks  are  due  for  determination  of  rock  material,  from  which  objects  mentioned  in  this  re 
port  are  made,  to  Dr.  E.  Goldsmith  and  Mr.  S.  H.  Hamilton,  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia.     As  it  has  not  been  deemed  advisable  to  mutilate  specimens,  identifications  are  approxi 
mate  only.     It  has  not  been  thought  necessary  to  give  the  rocks  from  which  the  "celts"  found  by  us 
were  manufactured.     None  seemed  to  present  new  features,  and  many  were  given  to  owners  of  mounds. 


366     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


FIG.  1. — Vessel  No.  5.     Mound  near  Fowler's  Landing.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  2.— Vessel  Xo.  5.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Fowler's  Landing.     (Half  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     367 

Vessel  No.  5,  shown  in  Fig.  1,  has  an  interesting  incised  decoration  shown  dia 
grammatical  ly  in  Fig.  2,  where  restored  portions  are  given  in  broken  lines.  There 
are  two  holes  for  suspension. 

With  these  vessels  was  one  entirely  undecorated  and  another  with  a  complicated 
stamp  decoration  around  the  neck. 

Vessel  No.  6,  found  alone  in  the  western  margin  of  the  mound,  is  of  most  excel 
lent  yellow  ware  and  of  interesting  shape  and  decoration.  The  vessel,  shown  in 
Fig.  3,  is  intact,  save  for  a  small  basal  perforation.  The  decoration  is  given  in  dia 
gram  in  Fig.  4. 


Fio.  3. — Vessel  No.  6.     Mound  near  Fowler's  Landing.     (Full  size.)  ' 


368     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


FIG.  4.— Vessel  No.  6.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Fowler's  Landing.     (One-third  size.) 


FIG.  5. — Vessel  No.  7.    Mound  near  Fowler's  Landing.     (Two-thirds  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

In  the  margin  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  mound  were  several  undecorated 
sherds  and  Vessel  No.  7  (Fig.  5),  having  two  holes  for  suspension,  on  the  same  side 
and  so  near  the  base  that  it  is  plain  the  vessel  was  either  ceremonial  or,  at  all  events, 
not  intended  for  liquids.  A  part  of  the  rim  has  been  restored. 

From  near  the  base  came  an  undecorated  vessel  in  the  form  of  a  much-truncated 
cone. 


FIG.  6.— Sherd.     Mound  near  Fowler's  Landing.     (Half  size.) 


FIG.  7.— Sherd.     MouDd  near  Fowler's  Landing.     (Half  size.) 
47  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PH1LA.,  VOL.  XII. 


370    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


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SMALLER  MOUND  NEAR  FOWLER'S  LANDING, 
LEVY  COUNTY. 

About  75  yards  in  a  SW.  direction  from  the 
other,  was  a  low  mound  of  irregular  shape,  literally 
dug  to  pieces,  presumably  by  the  ubiquitous  treas 
ure  seeker,  as  one  great  central  excavation  ex 
tended  considerably  below  the  base.     So  great 
was  the  wreck  that  no  conclusion  as  to  the 
original  height,  diameter  or  shape  could  be 
arrived  at.     Though  the  surface  was  cov 
ered  with  sand  from  the  former  excava 
tions,  no  fragment  of  bone  or  of  earthen 
ware  was  apparent  and  considerable 
digging,  here  and  there,  by  us  yielded 
but  a  single  fragment  of  earthen 
ware.     Presumably,  this  mound 
was  of  the  domiciliary  class. 


Near   the 
surface  were 
scattered  parts  of 
a  human  effigy- ves 
sel.       Most   diligent 
search  failed  to  recover 
the  facial  parts  which, 
possibly,    had    not    been 
placed  in  the  mound. 

Throughout  the  mound 
were  various  sherds,  as  a  rule 
of  inferior  ware,   though   occa 
sionally  of  excellent  quality,  in 
no   case    showing   sand-,    grit-,    or 
shell-tempering.      No    small    check  - 
stamp  was  present,  and  but  few  sherds 
showed  the  complicated  stamp. 

In  Figs.  6,  7,  are  shown,  diagram- 
matically,   two    sherds    from    this    mound, 
while  in    Fig.  8  a  selection  of  sherds  from 
the  mound  is  given.      It  is  evident  that  the 
makers  of  this  mound  favored  the  incised  and 
punctate  decoration. 

In  the  mound  were  no  masses  of  sand  artifici 
ally  colored  and  surrounding  deposits  of  earthenware, 
such  as  we  found  in  the  mounds  of  the  coast,  to  the 
northward. 


FIG.  9. — Fish-spear  of  native  eopper.  from  near 
Fannin,  Suvvannee  river.     (Full  size.) 


The  record  of  the  discov 
ery  of  a  fish-spear  of  native 
copper  will  be  given  here, 
incidentally,  as  the  place 
where    the  spear  was 
found  is  too  far  up 
the  Suwannee  river 
rightly  to  be  in 
cluded  in  a  de 
scription  of  the 
coast-terri 
tory. 


372     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

During  our  visit  to  Cedar  Keys  we  met  Decatur  Pittman,  Esq.,  of  that  place, 
Justice  of  the  Peace,  and  a  collector  of  aboriginal  relics.  By  him  we  were  shown  a 
copper  fish-spear  11.5  inches  in  length  (Fig.  9),  of  which  Mr.  Pittman  gives  the  fol 
lowing  history  : — 

About  seven  years  ago  as  Mr.  John  Clark,  his  father  and  his  brother  were 
digging  in  the  garden  of  their  place  which  is  two  miles  below  Fannin  (see  outline 
map),  on  the  Suwannee  river,  they  found  the  spear  about  eighteen  inches  below  the 
surface. 

Somewhat  over  two  years  ago  Mr.  Pittman  heard  of  the  finding  of  the  spear 
and.  at  a  later  period,  acquired  it. 

The  value  of  this  implement  of  native  copper,  coming  from  Florida,  was 
fully  appreciated  by  Mr.  Pittman,  who  relinquished  the  spear  to  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  only  because  he  realized,  with  true  scientific 
spirit,  that  such  a  specimen  was  more  fittingly  placed  in  a  museum  in  perpetuity 
than  in  a  private  collection. 

This  spear,  a  unique  discovery  as  coming  from  Florida,  would  not  be  of  unusual 
rarity  in  Wisconsin,  according  to  Mr.  H.  P.  Hamilton,  of  Two  Rivers,  Wisconsin, 
the  well-known  expert  and  collector  of  "  coppers." 

There  is  one  point  about  the  spear  which  deserves  close  attention.  By  exam 
ining  the  cross-sections  the  reader  will  see  that  a  small  semi-enclosed  space  has  been 
left  on  one  side  of  the  spear,  which  might  appear  as  though  intended  for  a  shaft,  and 
yet  that  this  space  is  too  restricted  to  hold  a  wooden  shaft  of  a  size  necessary  for 
the  work  required  of  the  spear.  Neither  Mr.  Hamilton  nor  Mr.  David  Boyle,  of  the 
Provincial  Museum,  Toronto,  who  is  very  familiar  with  "  coppers,"  believes  that  this 
space  was  intended  for  the  insertion  of  a  shaft.  Mr.  Boyle  writes  : 

"  As  to  the  drawing  you  send  of  the  fish-spear  found  in  the  Suwannee  River 
and  the  question  you  propound  respecting  the  small  space  apparently  left  for  the 
insertion  of  a  handle,  I  beg  to  give  it  as  my  opinion  that  it  was  never  the  intention 
of  the  maker  so  to  use  the  narrow  channel.  The  spear  or  harpoon  has  been  made 
from  a  thin  piece  of  copper  and  the  maker  had  sufficient  gumption,  no  doubt  as  the 
result  of  experience,  to  know  that  a  piece  of  native  copper  of  the  size  your  diagram 
shows  this  to  be,  would  bend  when  an  attempt  was  made  to  employ  it  in  giving  an 
effective  stroke.  He  has,  therefore,  hammered  down  both  edges  for  the  purpose 
not  only  of  strengthening  his  tool,  but  of  giving  it  a  tolerably  uniform  breadth,  and 
this  shank  was  no  doubt  inserted  in  a  handle  rather  than  having  been  prepared  for 
the  insertion  of  a  handle.  Perhaps  it  was  with  only  the  latter  object  in  view  (i  e. 
giving  it  a  uniform  breadth)  that  the  hammering  was  done  at  all  because  he  could 
reduce  his  material  to  a  regular  form  by  beating  down  the  edges  much  more  rapidly 
than  by  cutting  away  the  superfluous  material.  I  think,  however,  there  can  be 
little  doubt  that  the  ancient  coppersmith  had  arrived  at  the  knowledge  that  ham 
mering  the  metal  gave  it  stiffness  apart  from  any  other  reason  why,  as  in  this  case, 
such  work  was  performed.  If  this  tool  had  been  inserted  in  a  handle  I  sup- 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     373 

pose  the  handle  was  split,  the  tool  being  placed  in  the  cleft,  and  then  securely 
Ixmnd  with  either  animal  or  vegetable  fibre." 


-6V 


Although  other  mounds  on  the  Suwannee  river  may  not  be  considered  coast  mound?,  yet,  as  no 
mound  should  be  investigated  without  a  public  record  of  the  fact,  it  has  been  thought  best  to  give  here, 
incidentally,  certain  work  done  by  us  on  the  river. 

A  mound  near  Jenning's  Landing,  Lafayette  Co.,  about  thirty  miles  by  water  from  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  just  bordering  the  swamp,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in  a  westerly  direction  from  the  landing, 
was  4.5  feet  high  and  62  feet  across  the  base.  Careful  trenching  yielded  :  four  small  hunched  burials 
and  a  few  scattered  bones,  near  the  surface;  a  few  uninteresting  sherds;  a  mass  of  chert ;  a  rude  arrow 
head  or  knife,  of  the  same  material. 

Fannin  is  at  the  NW.  corner  of  Levy  County  (see  outline  map).  About  one-third  of  a  mile  in 
a  northerly  direction  from  the  landing  is  a  mound  on  property  of  Messrs.  R.  L.  Tison  &  Co.,  of  Fannin. 
The  mound,  2  feet  8  inches  high,  from  46  feet  to  56  feet  across  the  base,  variously  measured,  was  care 
fully  dug  and  trenched  by  us.  One  or  two  sherds  only,  were  met  with. 

About  one-half  mile  in  an  EXE.  direction  from  Fannin  is  a  mound  showing  much  previous 
digging.  Its  height  is  4.5  feet;  its  basal  diameters  are  46  to  64  feet.  Thorough  trenching  yielded 
absolutely  nothing. 

At  Fayetteville,  Lafayette  Co.,  about  12  miles  above  Fannin,  is  a  mound  on  property  of  Mr. 
John  K.  Moriarty.  The  mound  showed  traces  of  previous  digging  in  almost  every  part.  Its  height  is 
4  feet  8  inches;  its  basal  diameter,  64  feet.  Practically,  every  untouched  portion  of  the  mound  was 
demolished  by  us.  Remains  of  a  disturbed  skeleton  were  found  at  the  beginning  of  the  body  of  the 
mound  and,  farther  in,  were  four  small  bunched  burials,  three  with  a  single  skull  each,  and  one  with 
two  crania.  Another  burial  consisted  of  a  single  skull  with  another  skull  immediately  below  it.  These 
burials  ranged  from  3  feet  to  4  feet  3  inches  in  depth.  With  one  was  a  "celt"  of  hard  rock,  about  5 
inches  in  length,  and  a  single  chip  of  chert.  Near  the  base,  in  two  places,  were  deposits  of  mussel-shells 
(Unio  infueatus),  unassociated  with  bones.  There  were  in  the  mound  also  several  flakes  of  chert,  and 
two  sherds,  one  with  incised,  dentate  marking  in  a  punctate  field,  another  with  rude  line  and  punctate 
decoration. 

Within  sight  of  Rocky  Landing,  Lafayette  Co.,  is  a  mound  of  sand,  as  are  all  we  investigated  on 
the  Suwannee  river,  which  had  seen  much  previous  digging.  Its  height  is  4  feet;  its  basal  diameter,  40 
feet.  All  untouched  portions,  practically,  were  dug  through  by  us.  Near  the  center  of  the  mound,  3.5 
feet  down,  was  a  skull  in  fragments  and  about  1  foot  distant,  small  fragments  of  bones  with  sand  tinged 
with  hematite,  and  a  neatly  made  lance  head  of  chert,  4  inches  long.  Near  bits  of  skull  and  decayed 
fragments  of  other  bones,  with  charcoal  nearby,  was  a  "celt."  Another  "celt"  was  found  in  sand 
thrown  out  by  one  of  our  diggers.  In  the  SW.  part  of  the  mound,  about  6  feet  from  the  extreme 
margin,  3  feet  4  inches  down,  was  a  coarse  bowl  of  somewhat  over  1  pint  capacity,  of  ordinary  form  and 
with  the  usual  basal  mutilation.  The  decoration  consists  of  incised  encircling  lines  below  the  rim  with 
two  additional  encircling  lines  beneath,  made  up  of  punctate  markings.  \Vith  this  vessel  was  a  mass  of 
fragments  mostly  of  undecorated  ware,  among  which  was  all  or  nearly  all  of  a  large  bowl.  There  were 
also  parts  of  a  vessel  with  a  decoration  of  rudely  made  incised  encircling  parallel  lines. 

The  investigation  was  continued  to  Branford  with  negative  results. 

The  Suwannee  river,  famous  in  song,  has  flat  swampy  banks,  save  in  places,  as  far  up  as  Branford. 
Beyond  this  point,  we  are  informed,  the  river  is  narrow  with  less  marshy  surroundings.  We  have  crosssed 
the  river  at  Ellaville,  much  farther  up,  where  the  stream  is  picturesque  and  the  banks  rise  considerably 
above  the  level  of  the  water.  This  portion  of  the  stream  no  doubt  invited  aboriginal  occupation. 

MOUND  NEAR  CEDAR  KEYS,  LEVY  COUNTY. 

This  mound,  in  hammock1  land,  at  the  edge  of  the  salt  marsh  bordering  the 
Gulf,  is  about  3  miles  in  a  NNE.  direction  from  Cedar  Keys,  on  property  of  Hon. 
E.  J.  Lutterloh,  mayor  of  that  place.  Great  excavations  near  by,  whence  sand  for 
the  mound  was  taken,  give  to  it  an  appearance  of  considerable  altitude  but,  measured 
from  the  general  level,  the  height  is  8  feet.  In  shape  the  mound  is  irregular,  with 
basal  diameters  of  85  feet  and  133  feet. 

1  As  to  the  meaning  of  the  word  "  hammock  "  see  pg.  140  of  our  second  part  of  "  Certain 
Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Northwest  Florida  Coast." 


374     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

This  mound,  which  had  every  appearance  of  belonging  to  the  domiciliary  class, 
was  carefully  trenched  by  us  without  the  discovery  of  even  a  remnant  of  bone  or  a 
fragment  of  pottery. 

MOUND    NEAR    GlGGER     POINT,    LEVY    CoUNTY. 

Gigger  Point,  which  extends  into  the  Gulf,  is  about  three*  miles  in  a  NE.  direc 
tion  from  Cedar  Keys.  At  the  rear  of  this  point  is  the  property  of  Mr.  A.  M. 
Dorsett,  resident  on  the  place.  The  mound,  circular  in  outline,  was  in  a  cultivated 
field,  and  itself  had  been  ploughed  over  for  a  considerable  period.  There  had  been 
much  previous  digging  in  various  parts  of  the  mound,  but  in  a  superficial  way  only. 
The  diameter  of  base  was  46  feet.  The  height,  at  the  time  of  the  total  demolition 
of  the  mound  by  us,  was  5  feet,  but  the  original  height  had  been  lessened  at  least  2 
feet  by  recent  digging,  as  was  shown  by  partly  uncovered  roots  of  a  palmetto  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  mound.  Fragments  of  human  bones  and  bits  of  undecorated 
earthenware  were  scattered  over  the  surface  in  every  direction. 

Burials  were  met  with  in  every  part  of  the  mound,  from  the  margin  to  the 
center,  the  great  majority  being  skeletons  which  had  been  buried  denuded  of 
flesh,  but  held  together  by  ligaments.  This  was  shown  in  various  cases  where 
bones  were  inverted  or  otherwise  out  of  their  proper  position.  Two  burials 
lay  in  shallow  graves  beneath  the  base.  Three  were  associated  with  oyster-shells, 
not  heavy  masses  of  shell,  but  thin  deposits  above  and  on  the  sides.  Sand,  crimson 
from  hematite,  was  with  one  burial. 

Forty-six  of  the  skeletons  were  flexed  on  the  right ;  34  on  the  left.  There  were 
also  3  skeletons  full  length  on  the  back;  3  squatting;  one  partly  flexed  on  the 
left  side  ;  and  the  bones  of  an  infant.  In  addition,  there  were  in  the  mound  :  manv 
bones  scattered  by  previous  diggers  ;  several  aboriginal  disturbances  made  by  cutting 
through  skeletons  to  make  way  for  others ;  several  skulls,  each  with  a  few  small 
bones  in  association ;  one  single  skull  near  the  base,  which  may  have  been  an  abo 
riginal  disturbance.  There  were  also  several  masses  of  bones  which  fell  in  caving 
sand,  and  three  or  four  burials  which  resembled  the  bunched  variety,  but  may  have 
been  aboriginal  disturbances. 

The  bones  in  this  mound  were  in  excellent  condition,  comparatively,  which  may 
be  accounted  for  by  a  deposit  of  shell  extending  through  about  one-half  the  rnound, 
as  though  a  smaller  mound  had  been  covered  with  shell  and  then  enlarged  as  to 
height  and  area.  It  has  ever  been  our  experience  that  presence  of  shell  in  a  mound 
acts  as  a  preservative  to  bones,  doubtless  through  infiltration  of  lime-salts. 

Ten  skulls  were  saved  in  good  condition  (Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Catalogue  Nos.  2196 
to  2205,  inclusive).  Neither  these  skulls  nor  any  in  the  mound,  noted  by  us,  gave 
evidence  of  cranial  compression. 

Considering  the  number  of  burials  present  in  the  mound,  artifacts  met  with  were 
few  and  unimportant.  Unassociated,  but  perhaps  separated  from  burials  by  previous 
digging,  were  :  one  lance-head  of  chert ;  mica,  in  two  places ;  a  clam-shell  with  a 
neatly  made  circular  hole  near  the  center,  probably  for  the  insertion  of  a  handle ;  a 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


370 


chert  hammer-stone  carefully  worked  ;  a  shell  gouge ;  part  of  a  lance-head  of  chert, 
5.6  inches  long,  2.5  inches  in  maximum  breadth,  the  point  of  which,  broken  by  the 
blow  of  a  spade,  was  not  recovered ;  two  masses  of  lime-rock,  each  with  a  circular 
hole,  probably  used  as  sinkers  ;  a  cigar-shaped  object  neatly  made  from  the  columella 
of  a  large  marine  univalve  (Fig.  10) ;  a  columella  wrought  to  a  cutting  edge  at 
one  end. 

With  burials  were :  a  chert  arrowhead  and  a  shell  drinking  cup  with  perforate 
base;  an  arrowhead,  of  chalcedony  ;  a  conch-shell  and  several  sherds  ;  a  shell  drink 
ing  cup  without  the  basal  perforation;  two  ornaments  of  shell  (Figs.  11,  12). 


FIG.  12.— Ornament  of  shell.  FIG.  13.— Object  of  fossil 
Mound  near  Gigger  Point.  material.  Mound  near 
(Full  size.)  Gigger  Point.  (Full 

size.) 

With  a  skeleton  in  a  shallow  grave 
were  several  mussel-shells,  some  on  one 
side  of  the  skull,  some  on  the  other ;  a 
turtle-shell  with  no  pebbles  within  ;  parts 
of  a  conch-shell  or  shells  ;  five  sandstone 
hones ;  a  fragment  of  chert ;  a  mass  of 
chert,  about  2  inches  in  diameter,  chipped 
into  a  circular  shape ;  one  smoothing 

stone ;  the  end  of  an  implement  of  bone ;  a  small  mass  of  serpentinous  rock ;  two 

nodules  of  hematite  ;  two  silicious  clay  pseudomorphs ;  a  bit  of  sandstone. 

With  another  burial  were  :  a  bit  of  earthenware ;  mica  given  the  outline  of  an 

arrowhead  ;  an  ellipsoidal  pendant  of  igneous  rock,  with  one  end  grooved  and  partly 

covered  with  bitumen,  the  other  end  broken. 

An  unidentified  object  of  fossil  material  (Fig.  13)  we  are  confident  came  from 

this  mound,  though  we  do  not  find  it  described  in  our  field-notes. 


Fio.  10. — Cigar-shaped  object 
of  shell.  Mound  near  Gig 
ger  Point.  (Full  size.) 


FIG.  11.— Pendant  of  shell. 
Mound  near  Gigger  Point. 
(Full  size.) 


376     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

At  the  extreme  margin  of  the  northeast  part  of  the  mound,  with  a  burial,  were 
two  vessels  of  earthenware,  both  of  which  have  the  mortuary  perforation,  with  this 
difference  that,  instead  of  the  usual  knocking  out  of  part  of  the  base,  or  of  all  of  it, 
a  carefully  rounded  hole  is  present  as  though,  after  a  piece  had  been  broken  out,  the 
edges  had  been  worked  to  give  a  symmetrical  outline. 

One  of  these  vessels  had  four  roughly  circular  compartments  around  a  larger 
circular  one  on  a  higher  plane,  almost  exactly  as  shown  in  Fig.  268  of  our  second 
part  of  the  report  on  the  mounds  of  the  northwest  Florida  coast.  The  vessel  from 
the  Gigger  Point  mound  is  covered  with  crimson  pigment  on  the  inside  and  on  the 
upper  half  inch  of  the  outer  portion.  The  central  compartment  alone  has  the  basal 
perforation. 

The  other  vessel  (Fig.  14),  an  oblate  spheroid  of  about  one  gallon  capacity,  has 
a  rather  striking  decoration  consisting  of  seven  encircling  rows  of  wedge-shaped 
impressions  between  the  rim  and  a  circular  band  in  relief. 

There  were  in  the  mound,  also,  here  and  there,  a  moderate  number  of  sherds, 
including  one  example  of  the  small  check-stamp,  three  or  four  of  the  complicated 


'!;'•>'•' 
^&  I 

.... 


^ 


FIG.  14.— Vessel  of  earthenware.     Mound  near  Gigger  Point.     (About  two-thirds  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


O  I  I 


stamp,  one  with  ornamentation  apparently  made  by  impression  of  a  finger-nail^  and 

a  small  portion  of  a  graceful  vessel  of  excellent  ware  covered  with  crimson  pigment, 
inside  and  out,  and  ornamented  in  places  with  fine,  punctate  markings. 

One  fragment  of  earthenware  in  this  mound  had  a  mingling  of  white  material, 
here  and  there,  giving  it  the  appearance  of  shell-tempered  ware.  Expert  examina 
tion,  however,  showed  it  to  be  pounded  lime-stone,  probably,  since  it  was  largely 
carbonate  of  lime,  and  showed  no  lamination  under  the  glass.  Shell-tempered  ware 
is  very  unusual  in  Florida  at  any  distance  from  Alabama  where  that  ware  was 
used.  The  material  of  which  we  speak,  however,  also,  is  exceptional  in  pottery  of 
the  peninsula. 

MOUNDS  NEAR  DRY  CREEK,  LEVY  COUNTY. 

Dry  Creek  enters  Waccasassa  bay  about  three  miles  to  the  westward  of  Wacca- 
sassa  river.  By  following  the  course  of  the  creek  about  1.5  miles  through  the  salt 
marsh,  the  Gulf  Hammock  is  reached.  The  territory  thus  known  is  a  strip  of  ham 
mock  land  of  varying  breadth  lying  back  of  the  salt  marsh  which  borders  the  Gulf, 
between  the  Suwannee  and  Withlacoochee  rivers. 

Following  a  road  entering  the  hammock,  about  .75  of  a  mile,  we  came  upon  a 
mound  by  the  road-side,  on  property  of  Mr.  Arthur  T.  Williams,  of  Jacksonville, 
Florida,  about  2  feet  high  and  25  feet  across  the  circular  base.  On  the  mound  was 
a  giant  live-oak.  We  were  unable  to  find  either  bone  or  artifact  in  this  mound,  in 
which  there  had  been  much  previous  digging. 

About  300  yards  farther  along  the  road  is  an  "  old  field,"  fallow  for  years.  In 
this  field,  bordering  a  pond,  is  a  mound  34  feet  across  the  base  and  about  2.5  feet  in 
height,  also  on  property  of  Mr.  Williams. 

The  mound,  which  was  dug  through  by  us  about  as  extensively  as  a  great  oak 
growing  upon  it  permitted,  was  composed  of  black  loam  from  the  nearby  swamp. 
In  this  were  masses  of  lime-rock  similar  to  many  in  the  surrounding  field. 

Many  human  bones,  probably  scattered  by  the  plough,  as  the  mound  had  been 
under  cultivation,  were  met  with  by  us,  also  three  flexed  skeletons  and  a  number  of 
bones  of  lower  animals. 

MOUND  NEAR  BURNS'  LANDING,  LEVY  COUNTY. 

Burns'  Landing  is  about  seven  miles  up  the  Waccasassa  river.  Following  a 
road  leading  into  the  Gulf  Hammock  from  the  landing,  about  1.5  miles,  we  came  to 
a  small  mound  in  sight  of*the  road.  This  mound,  about  25  feet  in  diameter  and  18 
inches  in  height,  at  the  time  of  our  visit,  had  been  so  thoroughly  dug  through  that 
no  work  by  us  was  attempted. 

MOUND  NEAR  BEAR  LANDING,  LEVY  COUNTY. 

This  mound,  about  200  yards  in  a  northerly  direction  from  the  landing,  which 
is  about  six  miles  up  the  Withlacoochee  river,  following  the  course  of  the  stream, 
was  in  hammock  land  near  the  edge  of  the  pine  woods,  on  property  of  Mr.  W.  R. 

48  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PH1LA.,  VOL.  XII. 


378     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

Hodges,  of  Cedar  Keys.  The  mound  was  literally  honeycombed  with  pits  and 
trenches,  some  of  which,  as  we  discovered,  had  been  dug  a  second  time,  material 
from  one  trench  filling  a  former  one,  which  had  again  been  dug  by  later  disturbers. 
In  fact,  a  strip  on  one  side  of  the  mound  and  a  small  portion  near  the  base,  at  the 
center,  were  the  only  undisturbed  parts.  Trees  growing  near  the  top,  by  exposed 
roots,  showed  the  mound  to  have  been,  at  one  time,  about  2.5  feet  higher  than  at 
the  time  of  our  visit  when  its  height  was  about  3  feet.  Its  basal  diameters  were  58 
feet  by  45  feet. 

The  mound,  new  material  and  old,  was  dug  through  by  us  to  the  lime  bed-rock 
found  in  these  parts,  with  the  exception  of  small  portions  around  three  trees. 

Thirty-two  undisturbed  burials  were  met  with  by  us.  Twenty-eight  were  ol 
the  bunched  variety.  One  skull  lay  with  part  of  an  ulna.  One  skeleton  was  closely 
Hexed  on  the  right  side  and  two  were  closely  Hexed  on  the  left  side.  One  of  these 
lay  in  a  shallow  pit,  the  only  one  met  with  in  the  mound,  and  had  above  it  dark 
sand  with  scattered  oyster-shells.  All  bones  were  badly  decayed  and  no  skulls 
were  preserved.  Large  fragments,  however,  showed  no  cranial  flattening. 


FIG.  15. — Part  of  vessel  of  earthenware.     Mound  near  Bear  Landing.     (Half  size.) 

With  burials  were  some  bits  of  pot,  in  one  instance,  and  a  "  waster"  of  chert, 
in  another.  There  were  also  in  the  mound  two  flakes  of  chert,  evidently  used  as 
knives ;  one  clam-shell  ;  several  small  masses  of  lirne-rock  ;  a  pebble  with  one  end 
smoothed,  as  by  use  as  a  polisher;  one  pebble-hammer;  two  chert  arrowheads  found 
separately ;  two  clam-shells  with  depressions  at  opposite  sides,  as  for  a  handle. 

In  the  SW.  margin  of  the  mound,  placed  in  the  lower  part  of  an  undecorated 
vessel  of  inferior  ware,  was  a  bowl  which  fell  into  fragments  upon  removal,  a  part 
having  been  crushed  by  roots.  On  one  side  of  this  bowl,  rudely  done,  was  part  of 
an  incised  design,  as  though  the  decoration  of  the  bowl  had  been  started  and 
abandoned  (Fig.  15).  Near  this  bowl  were  various  scattered  fragments  of  inferior 
ware.  Two  feet  away  was  a  burial. 

There  was  also  in  the  mound  various  undecorated  sherds,  and  fragments  con 
stituting  the  upper  part  of  a  bowl  with  thickened  rim,  which  had  been  decorated 
with  red  pigment. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     379 

MOUND  NEAR  ROCK  LANDING,  CITHUS  COUNTY. 

Crystal  river  is  the  output  of  a  great  spring  about  seven  miles,  by  water,  from 
the  Gulf. 

Rock  Landing  is  about  3.5  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

In  scrub,  about  1.5  miles  in  a  NE.  direction  from  the  landing,  on  property 
under  control  of  Mr.  R.  J.  Knight,  of  Crystal  River,  was  a  mound  3  feet  3  inches 
in  height,  with  basal  diameters  ef  40  and  50  feet. 

Thorough  investigation  showed  this  to  have  been  a  domiciliary  mound. 

MOUND  NEAR  THE  SHELL-HEAP,  CRYSTAL  RIVER,  CITRUS  COUNTY. 

In  full  view  from  the  river,  about  4.5  miles  from  the  mouth,  on  the  left-hand 
side  going  up,  is  a  great,  symmetrical  shell-heap,  on  property  under  control  of  Mr. 
R.  J.  Knight,  of  Crystal  River. 

This  shell-heap,  marked  A  on  the  plan  (Fig.  16)  is  28  feet  8  inches  in  height, 
is  oblong  in  horizontal  section  and  has  basal  diameters  of  182  feet  NW.  and  SE. 
and  100  feet  NE.  and  SW.  The  summit  plateau  is  107  feet  and  50  feet  in  the 
same  directions,  respectively.  A  graded  way  80  feet  long  and  from  14  feet  to  21 
feet  across,  ascends  from  the  level  ground  to  the  summit  plateau  on  the  NE.  side  of 
the  mound. 

Beginning  at  the  NW.  corner  of  this  mound  is  a  low,  irregular  shell  deposit, 
marked  B  on  the  plan,  extending  to  the  northward  then  curving  to  the  eastward 
and  extending  for  a  distance  along  the  river  bank. 

About  115  yards  in  a  northerly  direction  from  the  great  shell-heap  is  a  circular 
embankment  of  sand,  marked  C  on  the  plan,  of  irregular  height  and  width,  the 
maximum,  respectively,  being  6  feet  and  75  feet.  Within  this  circle  is  certain  ter 
ritory  on  the  general  level,  marked  D  on  the  plan,  and  an  artificial  elevation  of 
sand,  irregularly  sloping  (E).  This  elevation  culminates  in  a  mound  of  sand, 
marked  F  on  the  plan.  While  difficult  to  determine  where  the  artificial  elevation 
ended  and  the  mound  proper  began,  to  call  the  diameter -of  the  base  of  the  mound 
70  feet,  would  be  a  fairly  correct  estimate.  The  height  of  the  mound  proper  from 
the  east,  where  it  bordered  the  level  ground,  was  10  feet  8  inches.  Cross  sections 
of  the  elevated  ground  and  the  mound  proper  are  shown  in  Fig.  17. 

In  a  northerly  direction  from  the  circular  embankment  are  two  ridges  of  shell, 
one  (G)  low  and  irregular,  the  other  (H),  12  feet  in  maximum  height,  with  a 
graded  way. 

Certain  excavations  made  in  the  level  ground  outside  and  inside  the  circular 
embankment,  yielded  negative  results. 

Excavations  in  the  embankment  showed  burials  in  the  southerly  portion  where 
the  embankment  was  highest  and  one  burial  in  the  western  part.  Our  work,  how 
ever,  on  the  level  ground  and  in  the  embankment  was  not  exhaustive. 

Eighteen  men,  with  four  men  to  supervise,  dug  seven  days,  demolishing  the 
entire  mound  and  going  through  much  of  the  elevated  ground  surrounding  it.  The 


•^     ?•' 

>*  <^  D 


. 


FIG.  16. — Plan.     Mounds,  shell-heaps  and  causeway.    Crystal  river. 


.  1 1 1 1  n1  lllllJi'J"'/ '/,'"« 'vy/,  A 

yijjlU^1  "r%V/(,'||W^ 


Scalein  (eet 


-Excavation 

Fid.  17. — Plan  and  elevations.     Place  of  burial.     Crystal  river. 


382     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

work  done  by  us  is  shown  in  broken  lines  on  plan  (Fig.  17),  where,  however,  many 
small  excavations  made  in  the  level  ground  and  in  the  embankment  are  not  <riven. 

Though  the  shell-heap  on  Crystal  river  is  a  famous  one.  the  sand  mound  was 
unknown  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Crystal  River,  even  the  owner  being 
unaware  of  the  existence  of  this  mound.  Absolutely  no  digging  had  been  done 
previous  to  our  visit,  which  is  a  most  important  feature,  and  especially  so  when  we 
note  the  interesting  objects  found  by  us  and  the  fact  that  no  object  indicating  Euro 
pean  provenance  was  met  with  throughout  the  entire  investigation. 

In  the  artificial  elevation,  burials  were  very  numerous,  and  to  so  great  an 
extent  had  the  ground  been  used  that  many  graves,  passing  through  earlier  ones, 
had  caused  great  disturbance.  In  addition,  numbers  of  disconnected  bones  lay, 
here  and  there,  in  the  sand  as  though  they  had  been  gathered  from  the  dead-house 
and  scattered  while  the  making  of  the  elevation  was  in  progress.  Hence,  exact 
classification  as  to  form  of  burial  was  impossible,  nor  could  any  estimate  be  arrived 
at  as  to  the  number  of  individuals  originally  interred,  as  all  bones  met  with  were  so 
decayed  that  the  skulls  were  often  in  small  fragments.  Our  enumeration  of  burials, 
that  is  of  where  bones  were  encountered,  certainly  falls  far  short  of  the  number  of 
individuals  interred. 

The  mound  proper,  of  gray  sand  in  the  upper  part  and  of  white  sand  in  the 
lower,  had,  running  through  it,  along  the  base,  from  the  eastern  margin  to  the  cen 
ter,  approximately,  a  ledge  of  shell  about  2  feet  high  and  20  feet  broad.  This  ledge 
seemed  to  have  no  particular  connection  with  the  burials. 

Running  for  a  distance  of  many  feet  into  the  mound  were  several  streaks  of 
sand  dyed  with  hematite.  One,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  mound,  from  2  to  8 
inches  in  diameter,  especially  persistent,  extended  from  the  outer  slope  to  the  cen 
ter.  The  intensity  of  the  coloring  varied  considerably. 

There  were  also  pockets  of  scarlet  sand,  but  these  were  local  and  in  connection 
with  burials.  Once  a  pocket  of  scarlet  sand  was  associated  with  sand  dyed  yellow 
by  powdered  limonite. 

What  has  been  said  as  to  the  difficulty  of  count  and  of  classification  of  the 
burials  in  the  elevated  ground  applies  equally  to  the  mound  though  from  a  different 
cause,  in  part.  While  burials  in  the  mound  were  not  unusually  numerous,  the 
height  of  the  mound  and  the  extreme  dryness  of  the  sand  of  which  it  was  built, 
caused  much  caving  and  consequent  disarrangement  of  burials. 

In  the  elevation  and  in  the  mound,  were  about  225  burials,  including : 
Bunched  burials,     ....  42 

Full  length  on  back,        .  .  .Go1 

Closely  flexed  on  the  right  side,       .  .  31 

Closely  flexed  on  the  left  side,  26 

Partly  flexed  on  the  right  side.         .          .  .          .  2 

Partly  flexed  on  the  left  side,         .          .  7 

Lone  skulls,    .....  11 

Skeletons  of  infants,  badly  decayed.          ...  7 

Four  of  these  lay  side  by  side  in  a  single  grave;  seven  had  lower  extremities  cut  off  by  later 
interments. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     383 

Special  burials  not  included  in  the  above  were  as  follows : 

Two  skulls,  a  femur  and  a  radius. 

Four  skulls  with  two  long-bones. 

Three  skulls  and  scattered  bones. 

A  skeleton  without  pelvis  or  lower  extremities.  Beneath  the  place  where  the 
pelvis  should  have  been  was  another  skull,  probably  an  aboriginal  disturbance. 

Two  skulls  with  scattered  bones. 

Four  skulls  with  scattered  bones  and,  nearby,  the  lower  extremities  of  a  skele 
ton.  In  place  of  the  pelvis  was  a  skull  and  beneath  it  another  skull. 

A  skeleton  lying  on  the  back  with  the  legs  flexed  upward. 

Three  skulls  and  one  humerus. 

In  a  grave  was  the  skeleton  of  a  child  at  full  length  on  the  back  and  another 
child's  skeleton  lying  flexed  to  the  left.  Above  these  were  many  oyster-shells  and 
numerous  masses  of  lime-rock,  from  3  to  8  inches  in  diameter. 

A  bunched  burial  with  four  skulls. 

Various  unclassified  burials. 

In  the  elevated  ground  surrounding  the  mound,  masses  of  oyster-shells  almost 
invariably  lay  above  the  burials  and  sometimes  extended  well  to  the  sides.  To 
this  rule  there  were  but  three  exceptions. 

In  the  mound  proper,  on  the  other  hand,  forty  burials  unassociated  with  oyster- 
shells  were  noted,  though  there,  also,  many  burials  were  covered  by  them. 

While  no  crania  were  in  a  condition  to  save,  parts  of  many  showed  no  cranial 
flattening. 

Many  of  the  bones  bore  marks  of  pathological  lesions. 

Artifacts  were  very  numerous  in  the  elevation  and  in  the  mound,  though  those 
from  the  mound  proper  were  of  much  higher  grade,  as  a  rule,  than  were  the  artifacts 
from  the  sloping  ground  around  it.  There  was  no  general  deposit  of  earthenware  or 
of  other  objects.  While  certain  artifacts  were  found  unassociated,  there  was  every 
indication  that  most  of  them  had  lain  with  burials  which  had  suffered  aboriginal 
disturbance. 

In  this  place  of  aboriginal  abode  it  was  evident  we  were  no  longer  among  the 
mounds  of  the  northwest  Florida  coast,  with  their  great  deposits  of  earthenware 
placed  for  the  dead  in  common,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  mound.  Here  the  vessels 
were  widely  scattered  and  were  found  singly.  Outside  the  mound  but  few  vessels 
were  met  with,  though  little  piles  of  sherds,  bits  of  inferior  ware  from  various  ves 
sels,  were  numerous. 

There  were  present  in  the  elevated  ground,  as  well  as  in  the  mound,  a  limited 
number  of  sherds  bearing  the  complicated  stamp,  the  design  being  chiefly  one  of 
concentric  circles,  a  popular  pattern  along  the  central  west-coast  of  Florida,  and 
which  we  found  in  the  great  shell-heap  at  Cedar  Keys. 

From  the  mound  proper  came  a  number  of  vessels,  some  of  inferior  ware,  others 
of  excellent  material. 

The  most  striking  object  in  earthenware  met  with  during  the  investigation  is 


384     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS.  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


part  of  a  cylindrical  vessel  (Fig.  18)  of  excellent  ware,  bearing  an  incised  design  show 
ing  part  of  the  human  hand,  remarkable  for  its  boldness  of  execution.  On  the  back 
of  the  hand  is  a  curious  figure  which  man}-  authorities  agree  is  not  a  known  totemic 
symbol  or  design  of  any  sort,  hitherto  met  with.  Some  have  suggested  its  origin 
from  heraldry  and  hence  early  European  sources,  while  a  still  greater  number  see 
nothing  in  the  design  that  suggests  other  than  an  aboriginal  origin.  To  us  the  figure 
has  an  aboriginal  look,  and  as  nothing  of  European  provenance  wras  met  with  during 
our  investigation  of  the  mound — and  this  counts  for  so  much  in  determinations — 

we  believe  the  symbol  to  be 
aboriginal  in  origin.  Other 
designs,  perhaps  equally  in 
teresting,  have  been  on  the  re 
mainder  of  the  vessel,  which 
a  diligent  search  failed  to 
discover. 


FIG.  18.— Sherd.     Mound  near  Crytal  river.     (Full  size.) 

found  during  the  investigation  is  given  in  Fig.  20. 


FIG.  19.— Part  of  earthenware  vessel. 
Mound  near  Crystal  river.  (Full 
size.) 

Throughout  the  mound 
were  vessels  with  feet,  and 
parts  of  vessels  indicating  the 
presence  of  feet  when  the 
vessels  were  whole.  There 
was  also  found  a  part  of  a 
vessel,  showing  a  human  face 
(Fig.  19). 

A  selection  of  sherds 
The  third  from  the  left  hand 


upper  corner  shows  punctate  decoration  between  bands  of  crimson  pigment, 
sherd  in  the  lower  right-hand  corner  has  part  of  another  open  hand. 
We  shall  describe  the  vessels  in  detail. 


The 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    385 


49  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA..  VOL.  XII. 


386    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


Vessel  No.  1. — An  oblate  spheroid,  of  good  ware  (Fig.  21)  lay  with  a  burial  in 
the  northwestern  border  of  the  artificial  elevation.  It  is  entirely  covered  with 
incised  and  punctate  decoration  shown  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  22  where  the  cross 
on  the  base  of  the  vessel  is  spread  in  order  to  show  the  design  in  diagram.  This 
cross  is  given  with  the  remainder  of  the  basal  decoration  in  Fig.  23.  There  are  two 
holes  for  suspension  in  the  vessel,  and  the  usual  mortuary  perforation. 


FIG.  21. — Vessel  No.  1.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  22.— Vessel  No.  1.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Half  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     387 

Vessel  No.  2. — An  undecorated  bowl,  of  most  inferior  ware.  There  is  a  small 
basal  perforation,  which  is  the  case  with  all  vessels  in  this  mound  unless  otherwise 
described. 

Vessel  No.  3. — A  broken  bowl  of  inferior  ware,  undecorated. 

Vessel  No.  4. — Similar  to  Vessel  No.  3. 

Vessel  No.  5. — This  vessel,  of  dark  ware,  which  lay  about  one  foot  from  the 
skeleton  of  an  infant,  had  with  it  a  small,  imperforate,  shell  drinking  cup.  The 
basal  perforation  had  carried  away  two  of  the  feet  which  have  since  been  restored 
and  a  certain  amount  of  restoration  has  been  done  to  the  rim.  The  interior  of  the 
dentate  design  has  been  colored  with  red  pigment  (Fig.  24). 


FIG.  23. — Vessel  No.  1.     Decoration  of  base.     Mouud  u ear  Crystal  river. 
(Not  exactly  on  scale.) 


FIG.  24.— Vessel  No.  5.     Mound  near 
Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


Vessel  No.  G. — An  undecorated,  cylindrical  jar  of  about  one  quart  capacity, 
slightly  contracted  toward  the  base,  which  is  flat  and  imperforate. 

Vessel  No.  7. — A  toy  pot  of  poor  ware,  undecorated  save  for  notches  around 
the  margin.  Two  holes  for  suspension,  on  opposite  sides,  have  been  enlarged  by 
the  pulling  through  of  the  cord  or  sinew  used.  There  is  a  carefully  broken  circular 
hole  in  the  base.  This  little  vessel  has  six  feet,  one  somewhat  within  the  line  oi 
the  other  five. 

Vessel  No.  8. — A  bowl  of  excellent  ware,  with  protruding  rim  (Fig.  25). 

Vessel  No.  9. — This  vessel,  undecorated,  of  excellent  ware,  lay  with  bones  in 
the  mound  proper  whence  came  all  vesels  yet  to  be  described.  In  shape  it  is  a 
much  flattened  sphere.  There  is.  a  carefully  rounded  hole  in  the  base  and  small 
holes  for  suspension  on  opposite  sides  of  the  opening. 


388     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


FIG.  25. — Vessel  No.  8.    Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Half  size.) 

Vessel  No.  10. — A  small,  imperforate,  undecorated  bowl. 

Vessel  No.  11. — A  pot  of  inferior  ware,  badly  broken  by  roots,  having  traces  of 
red  pigment,  and  rough  incised  decoration  similar  on  two  opposite  sides. 

Vessel   No.   12. — In  fallen  sand  was  an  undecorated,  imperforate  vessel  with 
ovoid  body,  flat  base,  and  flaring  neck,  broken  but  since  cemented  together  (Fig.  26). 

Vessel  No.  13. — A  bowl  of  about  one 
quart  capacity,  of  beautiful,  smooth,  red 
ware,  with  thickened  rim  projecting  slightlv, 
horizontally  (Fig.  27).  The  decoration,  in 
black  pigment,  was  not  continued  around 
the  vessel,  or  has  disappeared  through  wear. 


FIG.  26.— Vessel  No.  12.    Mound  near  Crystal  river. 
(Full  size.) 


FIG.  27. — Vessel  No.  13.     Mound  near  Crystal  river. 
(Two-thirds  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     389 

Vessel  No.  14. — The  upper  part  of  a  vessel  of  beautiful  red  ware,  with  certain 
lower  portions  decorated  with  bands  of  black  pigment  (Fig.  28),  which  would  give 
quite  a  classical  appearance  were  it  not  for  the  scalloped  rim. 

Vessel  No.  15. — Unassociated  in  the  mound,  was  part  of  a  curious  vessel  origi 
nally  annular  in  shape.  On  the  fragment  is  one  upright  neck  and  parts  of  two 
others.  The  vessel,  when  whole,  probably  resembled  that  shown  in  Fig.  164  in  Part 
II  of  our  "  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Northwest  Florida  Coast,"  though  in  this 
case  the  body  of  the  vessel  is  not  flattened. 


Flo.  28. — Vessel  No.  14.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (About  two-thirds  size.) 

Vessel  No.  16. — A  vessel,  badly  broken,  originally  with  four  feet,  two  of  which 
were  lost  at  the  time  of  the  basal  mutilation  (Fig.  29).  These  feet,  with  certain 
parts  of  the  body,  have  been  restored. 

Vessel  No.  17. — A  vessel  of  excellent  ware,  undecorated  save  for  the  scalloped 
rim.  At  the  ba,se,  which  is  rounded,  has  been  a  flat,  circular  space  in  relief.  1.25 
inches  in  diameter,  which  enabled  the  vessel  to  stand  upright.  A  circular  perfora 
tion  has  been  made  through  this  flattened  part  (Fig.  30). 

Vessel  No.  18. — A  rough,  undecorated  vessel. 

Vessel  No.    19. — A  wide-mouthed   water-bottle,   undecorated,  with  a  portion 


missing. 


390    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


. 

• 
t          *   . 


FIG.  29.— Vessel  No.  16.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Two-thirds  size.) 


FIG.  30. — Vessel  Xo.  17.     Mound  near  Crvstal  river.     (Full  size. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     391 


Fi(4.  31.— Vessel  No.  20.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Two-thirds  size.) 

Vessel  No.  20. — This  interesting  vessel,  a  bowl,  of  superior  ware,  of  about  two 
quarts  capacity  (Fig.  31),  has  had  for  decoration  a  design  in  black  pigment  which, 
apparently,  having  grown  faint  in  course  of  time,  has  had  painted  above  it  designs 


r 


FIG.  32.— Vessel  Xo.  21.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


392     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


Fl(i.  33. — Vessel  No.  22      Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (About  five-sixths  size.) 


Fio.  34.- — Vessel  No.  23.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (About  three-fourths  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    393 

in  two  shades  of  red.  Our  artist  has  well  shown  in  stipple  the  design  in  black,  and 
in  lighter  and  darker  "  wash,"  the 'two  shades  of  red.  The  lightest  shade  of  all  on 
the  vessel,  of  course  represents  the  natural  shade  of  the  ware.  About  one-third  of 
this  vessel  was  missing  when  found.  There  has  been  restoration  of  the  missing 
part,  but  no  attempt  to  replace  the  complicated  design. 

Vessel  No.  21. — Undecorated,  save  for  four  repousse  lobes  each  ending  at  the 
base  in  a  foot  for  the  vessel's  support  (Fig.  32). 

Vessel  No.  22. — An  imperforate  bowl  of  excellent  ware,  undecorated.  A  thick 
rim  projects  laterally  (Fig.  33). 

Vessel  No.  23. — A  vessel  of  about  three  pints  capacity,  with  a  neck,  first  con 
stricted,  then  expanded.  The  decoration  consists  of  a  small  check-stamp.  One  of 
four  feet,  missing  through  basal  perforation,  has  been  restored  (Fig.  34). 

Vessel  No.  24. — A  vase  with  rude, 
incised  and  punctate  decoration,  shown 
in  Fig.  35. 

Vessel  No.  25. — Of  inferior  ware, 
undecorated,  with  semi-globular  body, 
and  long  neck  first  constricted,  then 
fiarins. 


FIG.  33. — Vessel  No.  24.     Mound  near  Crystal  river. 
(Full  size.) 


FIG.  36.— Vessel  No.  20.     Mound  near  Crystal  river. 
(Full  size.) 


Vessel  No.  26. — A  toy  vessel,  undecorated,  imperforate,  with  four  feet,  shown 
in  Fig.  36. 

A  sherd  from  this  mound  is  shown  in  Fig.  37. 

Seven  smoking  pipes,  all  or  nearly  all  from  the  mound  proper,  were  met  with 
during  the  investigation.  Three  are  of  soapstone,  all  of  the  familiar  type  with  rec 
tangular  cross-section  of  the  part  having  the  bowl  and  of  the  part  holding  the  stem. 
One  of  these  pipes,  showing  faint  incised  decoration,  is  shown  in  Fig.  38.  At  the 
base  of  the  bowl  is  a  small  circular  orifice.  In  the  second  part  of  our  "  Certain 
Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Northwest  Florida  Coast,"  page  256,  we  speak  of  a  pipe 
with  a  basal  perforation. 


50  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PH1LA.,  VOL.  XII. 


394     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

A  rude  .  pipe  of  earthenware,  also  of  common  type,  has  the  bowl  slightly 
flaring. 

Part  of  a  pipe  of  earthenware,  similar  in  shape  to  those  of  soapstone,  came 
from  the  mound.  There  was  found  also  a  small  "  Monitor"  pipe  of  earthenware, 
somewhat  broken.  This  is  the  first  example  of  this  type  of  pipe  met  with  in  penin- 


FK;.  37.— Sherd.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (LTalf  size.) 

sular  Florida.  There  was  also  in  the  mound  a  great  pipe  of  soft  lime-rock,  found  in 
pieces,  but  since  restored.  In  shape  it  is  the  same  as  those  of  soapstone.  Each  arm 
is  5.5  inches  in  length.  The  measurement  across  each  end  is  2.25  inches  ;  the 
openings  are  about  1.25  inches  each,  in  diameter. 

A  flat  tube  of  earthenware,  perhaps  used  for  a  ceremony  with  smoke,  came 
from  the  mound  proper  (Fig.  39). 

Throughout  the  investigation  were  met  with,  in  the  elevated  ground  and  in  the 
mound  proper,  a  large  number  of  shell  cups  wrought  from  Fulgur  perversum,  some 
imperforate,  but  the  great  majority  with  the  mortuary  perforation.  There  were 
also  eight  or  ten  drinking  cups  made  from  what  is  known  as  the  "horse-conch" 
(Fasciolaria]  along  the  Florida  coast.  One  of  these  cups  is  shown  in  Fig.  40.  We 
do  not  recall  before  having  met  with  a  drinking  cup  made  from  this  shell,  although 
the  shell  was  largely  used  in  the  manufacture  of  implements  in  aboriginal  times. 

One  drinking  cup  wrought  from  Melongena  corona,  the  first  we  have  seen,  was 
found  during  the  investigation. 

During  our  work,  there  were  met  with  sixty  colurnelhe  of  large  marine  uni 
valves,  sometimes  a  considerable  number  with  a  single  burial.  These  columelloe 
had  been  at  times  ground  squarely  across  one  end  to  serve  as  chisels,  and  sometimes 
given  a  circular  edge  for  use  as  gouges.  Occasionally,  a  wing,  or  flange,  was  left  to 
increase  the  gauge  of  the  edge. 

There  were  found  also  ten  gouges  made  from  triangular  sections  of  the  body- 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     395 


FIG.  38. — Smoking-pipe  of  soapstone.     Mound  near  Crystal   river.     (Full  size.) 


Fio.  39. — Tube  of  earthenware.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  40.— Shell  drinking  cup.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Two-thirds  size.) 


396     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

whorl  of  Fulgur perversum  and  one  rectangular  chisel  likewise  wrought  from  Ful 
gur,  also  seventeen  "celts  "  made,  as  a  rule,  from  the  lip  of  Strombus  gigas,  2.5  to 
7  inches  in  length.  All  implements  of  shell  from  this  mound  were  badly  weathered. 

Three  large  shells  (Cardtuni]  were  met  with,  each  with  a  hole  in  the  centre  to 
allow  the  insertion  of  a  handle,  and  a  number  of  large  clam-shells,  some  showing 
wear.  There  were,  also,  triangular  sections  of  clam-shells,  doubtless  tools,  when 
hafted.  Among  the  clam-shells  was  a  large  marine  shell  of  the  clam  family  (Cal- 
lista  giganted}. 

There  were  found  also  three  conchs  (Fulgiw  perversum}  variously  treated  for 
the  reception  of  handles,  and  worn  down  at  the  beak  by  use  as  hammers,  hoes,  etc.1 

Eleven  gorgets  wrought  from  the  body-whorl  of  Fulgur  perversum  came  from 
the  mound,  almost  invariably  associated  with  other  objects  near  burials  or  near 
where  burials  had  been  disturbed.  Only  one  shows  decoration  and  none  is  engraved. 


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FIG.  41. — Gorget  of  shell.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 

Four  are  roughly  circular,  ranging  in  diameter  from  2.25  to  3.5  inches.  The 
smallest  has  a  circular  perforation  in  the  center,  about  .12  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
The  next  in  size  has,  in  the  middle,  three  small  holes  in  line.  Two  have  single 
holes  centrally,  one,  in  addition,  having  two  perforations  side  by  side,  at  the  mar 
gin.  Four  others  are  sections  of  the  body-whorl  of  Fulgur,  scoop-shaped,  each  with 
a  central  perforation,  three  about  1  inch  in  diameter,  the  fourth  much  smaller.  One, 
in  addition,  has  two  small  holes  side  by  side  on  the  broadest  portion.  One  of  these 
gorgets  lay  with  the  concave  side  upon  a  skull. 

Two  gorgets,  one  a  curved  band  of  shell,  about  1.5  inches  wide,  having  a  hole 

1  For  description  and  figures  of  many  implements  of  this  sort,  see  our  "Certain  Antiquities  of 
the  Florida  West-Coast,"  page  380  et  seq.     Jouru.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.,  Phila.,  Vol.  XI. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     397 


FIG.  42. — Ornament  of  shell.     Mound  near  Crystal  river. 
(Full  size.) 


for  suspension  and  showing  where  another  has  been  (Fig.41),  the  other,  fragmentary, 
probably  like  the  one  just  described,  were  found  in  the  mound. 

There  was  also  a  handsome  little  gorget  with  six  rounded  points,  and  a 
central  perforation,  shown  in  Fig.  42. 

A  small  number  of  shell  beads  were 
present  with  one  burial,  and  with  another 
were  a  discoidal  bead  of  shell,  about  half 
an  inch  in  diameter,  and  an  imperforate 
shell  disc  of  the  same  si/e.  This  scarcity 
of  shell  beads  in  a  burial  place  teeming 
with  objects  of  shell,  is  remarkable,  and 
equally  noticeable  was  the  absence  of 
shell  hair-pins,  which  class  of  objects 
was  represented  by  certain  fragments  of 
what  may  or  may  not  have  belonged  to  a  hair-pin  of  shell. 

Near  the  skull  of  a  child,  lay  two  shells  pierced  for  suspension  (Oliva  reticu- 
/art's,  and  Cerithium,  a  fossil,  a  large  undescribed  variety  from  oligocene  beds). 

Those  who  lay  in  the  burial  place  near  the  great  shell-heap  had,  in  life,  been 
given  to  the  wearing  of  pendent  ornaments — of  shell,  of  stone,  of  copper. 

Those  of  shell  met  with  by  us,  105  in  number,  were,  as  a  rule,  much  affected 
by  disintegration,  and  hence  it  is  hard  to  say  how  finished  their  original  appearance 
may  have  been.  Doubtless  they  varied.  On  many  is  bitumen.  One  deposit,  with 
a  burial,  consisted  of  ten  pendants  of  shell,  each  about  5.5  inches  in  length.  Another 
deposit  of  pendants  consisted  of  one  of  lime-rock  and  five  of  shell,  one  being  9.25 
friches  in  length.  A  selection  of  pendent  ornaments  of  shell,  found  during  the 
investigation,  is  shown  in  Fig.  43. 

During  the  digging  there  were  found  :  hammer-stones  of  chert,  and  several  of 
quartz,  fairly  well  rounded ;  pebble-hammers,  including  several  of  sandstone  and 
pudding-stone ;  hones  of  sandstone  and  of  ferruginous  sandstone  ;  flakes,  and  small, 
partly  chipped,  masses  of  chert;  a  "waster,"  of  chert,  5.5  inches  long;  and  various 
other  fragments,  and  material  of  the  class  usually  found  in  mounds.  There  were 
also  fourteen  entire  "celts,"  of  various  rocks  and  a  large  number  of  "celts"  badly 
broken.  Some  of  these  parts  were  afterward  fitted  together,  which  led  us  to  believe 
that  perhaps,  also,  these  "celts"  had  been  ceremonially  broken  before  placing  them 
in  the  mound.  In  length  the  "  celts"  varied  from  2.5  to  12.5  inches.  Incidentally, 
13  inches  is  the  greatest  length  of  any  "celt"  met  with  by  us  in  the  south. 

Thirty-one  lance-points,  arrowheads  and  knives,  all  of  chert,  were  found  during 
the  digging,  often  associated  with  other  objects.  Many  of  these  were  rude,  though 
a  few  were  of  excellent  workmanship.  In  addition  to  these,  from  the  same  part  ot 
the  mound  whence  came  a  number  of  "celts''  in  fragments,  was  a  deposit  of  three 
lance-heads  of  brown  chert,  each  broken  in  two  parts ;  the  lower  half  of  a  similar 
lance-head ;  two  upper  halves  of  lance-points  of  dark  brown  chert ;  three  rude  chert 
arrowheads  ,  four  chips  of  chert ;  the  canine  tooth  of  a  large  carnivore.  Pre 
sumably  the  lance-heads  in  this  deposit  had  been  broken  ceremonially. 


398    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


FIG.  43. — Selection  of  ornaments  of  shell.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    399 


A  neatly  made  blunt-pointed  implement  of  fossil  material,  from  the  mound, 
with  incised  decoration  on  one  side,  is  shown  in  Fig.  44.  Two  cigar-shaped  imple 
ments,  also  of  fossil  material,  are  given  in  Fig.  45. 

A   can-fully  smoothed   ellipsoidal 

hammer-stone    of   lime-rock,    about    4 

inches  long,  shows  marks  of  consider 
able    use.     Two    bar-amulets,    one  of 

lime-rock,  one   of   thin,  banded    slate, 

came  from  the  mound  and  many  sheets 

of  mica  were  found  during  the  entire 

investigation.     None  of  these  had  any 

particular  shape   and    none   was    per 
forate. 

One  hundred  and  eleven  pendent 

ornaments  of  various  rocks  were  met 

with    during   the    investigation.       As 

mutilation  of  the  specimens  was  not 

deemed  advisable,  there  has  not  been 

an  exact  determination  as  to  material. 

Many  are  of  the  lime-rock,  and  some, 

of  the  ferruginous  lime-rock,  of  the  dis 
trict  ;    others    are    of   igneous    rocks ; 

two  long  ones  are  of  slate.     One  is  of 

calcite  and  doubtless  there  are  other 

rocks  not  included  in  this  enumeration.    FK;-  ^.-objects  of  fossil  material. 

Mounu  near  Crystal  river. 

Several   are  of  quartz,  including  two  (Ful1  size-> 

beautifully  made  of   rock-crystal,  one 

of  yyhJch  nagi  presumably,  a  conventionalized  bird-form  (Fig.  46). 
Ten  well-made  pendants,  shown   in    Fig.  47,   lay    with    a 

burial    with  which  was  sand   dyed  with   hematite. 
A  selection  from  the  various  stone  pendants  found  by  us  is  given  in  Figs.  48, 
49,  50,  51,  among  which  are  shown  a  long  slate  pendant  similar  to  those  found  by  us 
the  preceding  year  along  the  northwest  coast,  one  pendant  with  a  central  perfora 
tion,  and  several  doubtless  intended  to  represent  conventionalized  birds. 

On  the  base  of  the  mound,  in  the  southern  slope,  was  the  skeleton  of  an  adult, 
lying  full  length  on  back.  Extending  across  the  pelvis,  sagging  down  somewhat, 
was  a  row  of  pendants  of  stone,  among  which  were  three  of  copper,  4.7  inches,  5.75 
inches,  6  inches  long,  respectively,  of  the  same  type  as  the  long  ones  of  slate  from 
this  mound,  one  of  which  has  already  been  figured.  Seemingly,  all  these  pendants 
had  hung  from  the  waist  in  the  manner  shown  by  Le  Moyne  on  aborigines  of  the 
St.  Johns  river,  Florida.  Along  the  lower  part  of  the  left  arm,  which  lay  extended 
down  the  left  side  of  the  body,  were  other  pendants,  or  charm-stones,  which  may 
have  fallen  over  from  a  belt  at  the  waist.  Exclusive  of  the  copper,  39  pendants, 


FIG.  44.— Object  of  fossil 
material.  Mound  near 
Crystal  river.  (Full 
size.) 


400    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


mostly  of  lime-stone  and  of  ferruginous  lime-stone,  and  a  long  one  of  slate,  were  in 
this  interesting  deposit.  With  them  were  two  parts  of  the  lower  jaw  of  a  puma, 
each  with  three  molars,  and  each  part  having  a  hole  artificially  made  near  the  fora 
men  to  aid  in  suspension  or  attachment.  With  these  were  two  canines  of  a  black 
bear,  having  the  bases  much  ground  away,  and  two  molars,  also  of  the  bear,  ground 
down,  not  on  the  base  alone,  but  on  certain  of  the  sides  also.1 

About  5  feet  down,  in  the 
southern  side  of  the  mound, 
near  a  skull  belonging  to  a 
bunched  burial,  were  three 
quartz  crystals  and  one  twin 
crystal  of  quartz,  from  2.5  to  4 
inches  in  length.  The  three 
crystals  have  grooves  for  sus 
pension  as  pendants.  On  the 
twin  crystal  no  groove  is  appar 
ent,  though  there  are  traces  of 
bitumen,  at  one  end,  where  a 
cord  has  been  attached. 

With  the  crystals  were  six 
teen  ornaments  of  various  rocks, 
including  a  small  pendant  of 
amethystine  quartz,2  a  perfect 
gem,  a  triumph  of  aboriginal 
endeavor,  shown  fourth  from 
the  left-hand  side  of  the  upper 
row  in  Fig.  52  where  all  this 
deposit  is  given. 

The  rocks  of  which  these  ornaments  are  made,  which  include  beads,  imitations 
of  canine  teeth  of  carnivores,  and  other  forms,  are  impossible  to  name  with  any  cer 
tainty,  without  mutilating  the  specimens  to  obtain  slides  for  the  microscope.  One 
is  surely  of  banded,  ferruginous  slate  ;  others  are  of  catlinite  ;  several  resemble 
hematite  in  appearance,  but  are  not  this  material  since  they  make  a  mark  too 
light  in  color  upon  porcelain  and  do  not  respond  to  the  magnet.  Others  are  of  fine 
grained,  igneous  rock. 

lVide,  "Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Northwest  Florida  Coast,"  Part  II,  Journ.  Acad. 
Nat.  Sci.,  of  Phila.,  Vol.  XII,  pg.  2-10  et  seq. 

2  We  are  indebted  to  Mr.  Warren  K.  Moorehead  for  the  following  details  of  the  discovery  of  a 
pendant  of  amethyst  found  in  1808,  in  a  grave  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash  river,  west  side,  southern 
Indiana,  by  Mr.  Clifford.  Anderson,  acting  under  instructions  from  Mr.  Moorehead.  About  150  burials 
were  found  in  graves  at  this  place,  having  with  them  pottery,  pipes,  copper  objects,  etc.  The  graves,  2 
to  4  feet  below  the  present  surface,  were  not  stone  lined.  According  to  Mr.  Moorehead,  they  mark  the 
northernmost  extension  of  the  southern  (Missouri-Arkansas)  type  of  pottery.  Mr.  Moorehead  kindly 
sent  the  pendant  for  our  inspection.  It  is  of  a  deep  violet,  pear-shaped,  and  has  a  perforation  for  sus 
pension.  It  is  about  the  same  size  as  ours,  but  it  is  much  more  rudely  made,  showing  a  scratched  surface 
without  polish.  The  catalogue  number  of  this  specimen  is  15,400,  Museum,  Phillips'  Academy,  An- 
dover,  Mass. 


FIG.  46. — Pendants  of  rock-crystal.     Mound  near  Crystal  river. 
(Full  size.) 


CKIITAIN    AP.ORKil.XAL   .MOTNDS.  CKNTKAI,    KLOIMDA    W.-COAST.     401 


FIG.  47. — Pendants  of  stone,  found  with  a  single  burial.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 
51  JOURX.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XII. 


402     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


>    R       ..nr-i  . 
WMMQMEw 

•' 


> 


FIG.  48. — Selection  of  pendants  of  stone.     Hound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    403 


FIG.  49. — Selection  of  pendants  of  stone.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


404       CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


FIG.  50. — Selection  of  pendants  of  stone.     Mouud  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    405 


FIG.  51. — Selection  of  pendants  of  stone.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


406     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


M 


FIG.  52. — Onianients  found  with  a  single  burial.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     407 


JP^^^^c 


FIG.  53. — Pendent  ornaments  of  copper.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


408    CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

The  perforations  in  these  ornaments  are  countersunk  and  from  large  openings 
at  the  surface  meet  at  the  center  in  a  much  smaller  aperture.  On  some  are 
scratches  which  probably  would  ba  called  file-marks  by  those  disbelieving  in  any 
proficiency  obtained  by  the  natives  through  ages  of  aboriginal  culture,  which  marks 
are  exactly  similar  to  those  noted  on  certain  ornaments  of  red  jasper  found  by  us  in 
Florida,  on  which  material  the  file  leaves  no  mark  and  which  was  no  doubt  worked 
with  the  aid  of  hard,  cutting  sand. 

In  the  southern  part  of  the  mound,  whence,  with  the  exception  of  two  copper 
pendants  and  the  deposit  of  ten  pendants  of  rock,  came  practically  all  articles  of 
especial  interest  met  with  during  the  investigation,  were  found  ten  copper  pendants, 
including  the  three  already  referred  to,  making  twelve  in  all  from  this  mound, 
shown  in  Fig.  53.  Three  pendants  were  twice  found  together,  and  three  times,  two 
pendants  were  in  association,  always,  of  course,  with  burials.  All  came  from  con 
siderable  depths  in  the  mound,  from  4  to  8  feet,  and  nearly  all  were  wrapped  in 
fabrics  and  in  bark,  as  is  customary  with  "finds"  of  copper. 

An  especially  noteworthy  feature  connected  with  these  pendants,  which  are  of 
native  copper,  is  that  all  are  of  the  same  type  as  other  pendants  of  stone  and  of 
shell  found  in  this  mound,  even  the  conventioncil  bird-form  being  represented. 

The  method  of  wearing  these  pendants  was  interestingly  shown.  Apparently, 
certain  material,  seemingly  hide,  was  cut  into  a  small  circle.  A  cord  was  run 
through  the  center  of  this  and  knotted  on  the  lower  side.  The  hide  was  then 
adjusted  on  the  end  of  the  pendant,  like  a  cap,  and  the  lower  portion  of  the  hide 
was  bound  around  with  a  cord  and  fastened  with  bitumen.  The  cord  which  ran 
through  the  hide,  when  fastened  to  a  belt,  would  allow  the  pendant  to  hang  true, 
which  it  could  not  do  had  the  hide  not  been  used  and  a  cord  been  tied  around  the 
end  of  the  pendant  and  knotted  at  one  side. 

But  once  in  the  elevated  ground  surrounding  the  mound  proper,  was  copper 
met  with,  and  this  was  so  greatly  corroded  that  it  was  hardly  more  than  a  paste- 
like  substance. 

Upon  several  occasions  in  the  mound,  copper  was  found  in  a  like  condition. 

About  8  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  mound,  near  one  of  the  streaks  of  sand 
dyed  with  hematite,  to  which  reference  has  been  made,  was  a  fiat  mass  of  bitumen, 
about  6  inches  by  8  inches  and  1.25  to  2  inches  in  thickness.  Imbedded  in  this  was 
an  oblong  bit  of  sheet-copper,  about  1  inch  in  length  by  .5  of  an  inch  in  breadth. 

During  the  excavation  of  the  mound  proper  there  were  found,  always  with 
burials,  three  pairs  of  ear-plugs  of  sheet-copper. 

One  pair  has  the  upper  and  the  lower  discs  of  a  similar  pattern,  consisting  of 
open  spaces  made  with  considerable  regularity  (Fig.  54).  There  is  a  circular  con 
cavity  at  the  center  of  each  disc.  Careful  measurements  show  that  while  the  four 
discs  closely  resemble  each  other,  the  openings  do  not  exactly  coincide  in  size  or  in 
shape,  thus  precluding  all  chance  of  their  having  been  made  with  a  die  or  stamp. 
These  discs.  each  about  3.5  inches  in  diameter,  were  wrapped  in  bark.  With  one 
set  of  discs  was  a  vertebra  of  a  fish,  which  probably  had  been  used  to  hold  the  pair 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    409 


together.     The  second  vertebra  was  not  found,  but   may  have   been   lost  in  the 
excavation. 

The  interesting  design  of  these  discs  was  shown  to  Mr.  Charles  C.  Willoughby, 
of  the  Peabody  Museum.  Cambridge,  Mass.,  who  writes :  "  Regarding  the  enclosed 


FIG.  54. — One  of  four  copper  discs,  forming  a  pair  of  ear-plugs.     Mound 
near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 


Fl(i.  55.  — Part  of  copper  disc  showing  animal  bead,  with  lirar-symbol 
beneath.     (Full  size.) 


Flo.  57. — Silver-coated  ear-plug  of  copper.    Side  view.     Mound  near 
Crystal  river.      (Full  size.) 


FIG.  56. — Copper  disc  with  animal  symbols  removed,  leaving  the 
cosmic  sign.      (Full  size.) 


FIG.  58.— The  same.     Top  view.     (Full  size.) 


52  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XII. 


410     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS.  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


photograph  of  the  copper  disc  from  Crystal  river.  This  seems  to  belong  to  the 
same  type  of  symbolic  forms  as  many  of  the  sheet-copper  objects  from  the  Hopewell 
and  Turner  mounds,1  although  the  mechanical  execution  of  your  ornament  is 
inferior  to  similar  objects  from  these  groups. 

•'  This  may  well  be  symbolic  of  an  animal  god,  probably  the  bear,  combined 
with  the  cosmic  sign.  The  animal's  head  is  drawn  double,  and  the  design  appears 
the  same  when  reversed.  One  pair  of  ears,  two  eyes  and  one  head  answer  for  both 
animals,  but  there  are  separate  mouths,  nostrils  and  necks.  The  five  nearly  paral 
lel  perforations  upon  the  neck,  also  duplicated  upon  the  opposite  side,  doubtless 
represent  the  claws  of  the  bear.  This  symbol  occurs  several  times  in  modified 
form  in  objects  of  bone  and  copper  from  the  Hopewell  group,  and  is  still  used  as  a 
bear  sign  by  modern  Indians.  It  seems  to  me  that  this  mark  may  be  the  distin 
guishing  mark  of  the  animal  represented. 

"  The  outer  circle  and  four  perforated  arms  doubtless  form  a  cosmic  symbol 
representing  the  horizon  and  four  directions.  The  central  perforation  may  also 
represent  the  central  circle  usually  present,  especially  as  it  seems  to  have  no  con 
nection  with  the  head  of  the  animal.  The  arms  representing  the  four  quarters 
are  pushed  out  of  their  normal  position  to  make  room  for  the  central  head." 

In  Figs.  55,  56  are  given,  from  Mr.  Willoughby's  designs,  part  of  the  copper 
disc,  showing  the  animal  head  with  the  bear  symbol  beneath,  and  the  copper  disc 
with  the  animal  symbols  removed,  leaving  the  cosmic  sign. 

Another  pair  of  ear-plugs,  side  and  top  views  of  which  are  shown  in  Figs.  57, 
58,  where  two  missing  parts  are  represented  in  broken  lines,  had  for  decoration  on 


FIG.  59. — Silver-coated  ear-plug  of  copper,     tipper  and  lower  parts.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 

top,  a  thin  coating  of  sheet-silver,2  hammered  on.     There  is  a  concave  circle  in  the 
center  and  four  crescent-shaped  open  spaces. 

The  third  pair  of  ear-plugs,  wrapped  in  bark  or  vegetable  fiber  and  in  a  woven 

1  For  farther  information  on  this  interesting  subject  we  would  call  the  reader's  attention  to 
"Symbolism  in  Ancient  American  Art,"  by  F.  W.  Putnam  and  C.  C.  Willoughby,  "  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science."     Vol.  XLIV,  1896. 

2  Sheet-gold,  sheet-silver,  sheet  iron  (meteoric)  have  been  found  in  various  mounds  in  Ohio,  in 
which  no  objects  distinctly  of  European  provenance  have  been  met  with. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    411 

fabric,  has  circular,  concave  spaces  in  the  center  of  the  upper  and  lower  portions. 
The  whole  outer  surface  of  the  upper  halves  is  coated  with  thin  sheet-silver,  which, 
loose  in  places,  has  turned  up  and  over.  The  upper  and  lower  discs  were  separated 
by  a  mass  of  vegetable  fiber  through  which  ran  a  cord.  This  cord,  passing  through 
a  perforation  in  the  middle  of  the  central  concavity,  on  the  outside  of  each  upper 
part  is  knotted  around  a  pearl  which  is  pierced.  The  upper  and  the  lower  part  of 
one  of  these  ear-plugs  is  shown  in  Fig.  59. 


FIG.  60. — Ornament  of  sheet-copper.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Three-quarters  size.) 


FIG.  61. — Ornament  of  sheet-copper.     Mound  near  Crystal  river.     (Full  size.) 

Badly  broken  when  found,  was  an  oblong  ornament  of  sheet-copper  (Fig.  GO), 
rather  rudely  decorated  with  punctate  markings  and  showing  a  cruder  form  of 
aboriginal  effort  in  repouss?  decoration,  though  in  direct  line  with  more  ambitious 
work. 


412     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


An  ornament  of  fluted  sheet-copper,  badly  broken,  came  from  this  mound  (Fig. 
61).  This  pattern  was  a  popular  one  among  the  aborigines.  We  have  met  with  it 
at  least  twice  before,  once  at  Apalachicola  and  once  in  the  fine  mound  on  Murphy 
Island,  Fla. 

Two  tubular  beads  of  over-lapping  sheet-copper  were  found  in  caved  sand. 
A  portion  of  a  second  ornament  of  fluted  sheet-copper  from  this  mound  was 
submitted  to  Prof.  Harry  F.  Keller,  Ph.D.,  who  reported  on  it  as  follows  : 

"  As  to  the  sheet-copper  from  the  Crystal  river  mound,  it  is  certainly  made 
from  the  native  metal ;  a  very  searching  qualitative  analysis  of  the  cleaned  speci 
men  gave  only  silver  and  iron  as  metallic  impurities,  and  demonstrated  the  entire 
absence  of  lead,  arsenic,  antimony  and  zinc." 

Here  we  have  native  copper  such  as  was  used  by  the  aborigines,  previous  to 
the  coming  of  the  Europeans,  which  copper  was  not  obtainable  in  Europe  in  quan 
tities  sufficient  for  commercial  purposes  and  which  is  most  distinctly  different  from 
the  copper  brought  to  this  country  by  Europeans,  the  European  copper  being  the 
product  of  arsenical,  sulphide  ores,  and  teeming  with  impurities. 

Three  pointed  implements  made  from  cannon-bones  of 
deer,  and  three  shark's  teeth  of  the  present  geological  period, 
lay  with  three  arrowheads  or  knives.  Such  teeth  were  found 
by  Mr.  Gushing  at  Marco,  in  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands,  Fla., 
and  were  shown  by  him  to  have  been  used  for  the  carving  of 
wood. 

In  one  deposit  were  a  number  of  pointed  implements  of 
bone,  fragments  of  other  bone  implements  of  various  kinds, 
and  a  fish-hook  of  bone,  from  which  the  pointed  end,  broken 
by  the  blow  of  a  spade,  was  lost.  With  these  was  an  object 
of  bone,  perhaps  used  in  basketry  (Fig.  62). 

Half  of  a  tooth  of  a  fossil  shark  was  met  with  in  the 
mound. 

As  to  note  the  exact  association  of  all  objects  from  this 
mound  would  unduly  occupy  our  space,  a  few  groups  of  arti 
facts,  only,  will  be  given  as  they  were  found. 

With  a  burial  were  :  one  canine  tooth  of  a  large  carni 
vore  ;   two   "celts"  of  polished    rock;    two    sheets  of  mica; 
three  lance-heads  of  chert ;    two  sandstone  pebble-hammers ; 
four  shell  gouges;  four  shell  "celts;"  parts  of  other  "celts"  of 
\    /  shell ;  two  sandstone  hones  ;  several  bits  of  clayey  material. 

V  Together  were :    two    pendants  of  shell ;    two  pendants 

FIG.  62.-impiementofbone.    of  igneous  rock  ;  a  knuckle-bone  of  a  deer. 
?FuZlTCryStalriVer'  Three    knuckle-bones  of  the    deer   lay    with    two    shell 

pendants. 

With  the  skeleton  of  a  child  were  :  two  pendants  of  rock  ;  one  pendant  of 
shell ;  a  knuckle-bone  of  a  deer. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    413 

In  one  deposit  were  :  half  of  a  bar-amulet  of  slate  ;  two  smooth,  flat  fragments, 
one  of  banded  slate,  one  seemingly  of  fine-grained  sandstone  ;  one  pendant  of  sedi 
mentary  rock  ;  one  of  igneous  rock  ;  one  of  quartz ;  a  beautifully  made  one  of 
quartz,  somewhat  worn. 

Again  we  would  call  the  attention  of  the  reader,  before  ending  the  account  of 
this  interesting  investigation,  to  the  fact  that  nothing  showing  white  provenance 
was  met  with  during  the  work  and  that  the  entire  area  gone  over  by  us  was  abso 
lutely  virgin. 

MOUND  NEAR  CRYSTAL  RIVER  SETTLEMENT,  CITRUS  COUNTY. 

The  settlement  is  at  the  head  of  Crystal  river. 

About  1.5  miles  in  a  NNW.  direction  from  the  town,  on  property  of  Mr.  Her 
man  Miller,  of. Crystal  River,  in  pine  woods  bordering  a  hammock,  was  a  sand 
mound  4  feet  9  inches  high  and  70  feet  across  the  circular  base. 

Thorough  trenching  showed  this  mound  to  belong  to  the  domiciliary  class. 

MOUND    NEAR    THE    ClIASSAIIOWITZKA    RlVER,    ClTKUS    COUNTY. 

The  river  has  its  source  at  a  large  spring,  or  boil,  about  eight  miles  from  the 
Gulf. 

The  mound,  in  pine  woods,  about  one-half  mile  in  a  E.  by  S.  direction  from  the 
landing  at  the  river's  head,  was  in  full  view  from  the  road.  Though  but  compara 
tively  little  dug  into  before  our  visit,  seemingly,  it  had  been  much  trampled  by 
cattle,  and  bits  of  human  bone  and  fragments  of  earthenware  wrere  scattered  here 
and  there  over  the  entire  surface.  It  was  evident  that  the  diameter  of  the  mound. 
75  feet  at  the  time  of  our  visit,  had  been  extended  at  the  expense  of  the  height, 
which  was  4  feet. 

Fifteen  trenches  were  started  inward  from  the  margin  and  continued  until 
human  remains  were  encountered,  when  all  trenches  were  joined  and  the  remaining 
part  of  the  mound,  which  had  a  diameter  of  from  50  to  54  feet,  probably  about  the 
original  diameter,  was  demolished. 

Eighteen  burials,  all  very  badly  decayed,  including  the  lone  skull,  were  met 
with.  The  bunched  burial,  also,  was  represented,  sometimes  without  a  skull,  some 
times  with  one,  and  once  with  two. 

With  one  burial  were  bits  of  pottery  and  fragments  of  chert.  With  another 
was  an  imperforate  pot  of  inferior  ware,  bearing  a  small  check-stamp.  Certain 
decaying  fragments  of  bone  had  with  them  bits  of  different  vessels.  The  following 
vessels  were  in  the  mound,  not  as  a  general  deposit  but  here  and  there,  singly,  per 
haps  interred  with  burials  since  decayed ;  a  small,  undecorated,  imperforate  vessel 
modelled  after  a  gourd  ;  an  undecorated  bowl  with  a  basal  perforation,  having  a 
small  depression  below  the  rim  at  opposite  sides  ;  a  small  vessel  without  decoration, 
a  flattened  sphere  in  shape,  having  the  usual  mortuary  mutilation  ;  an  undecorated 
vessel  badly  broken. 

A  handle  of  a  vessel,  representing  the  head  of  a  predatory  bird  (Fig.  63).  was 


414     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

found  unassociated  with  other  ware.  In  the  beak  is  a  circular  hole  which  would 
allow  the  use  of  the  head  as  a  pendent  ornament.  We  got,  on  the  Island  of  Marco, 
one  of  the  northern-most  of  the  Ten  Thousand  Islands  (see  outline  map)  a  bird-head 
handle  of  a  vessel,  with  a  groove  around  the  neck,  showing  the  use  of  the  head  as  a 
pendant. 

Sherds  in  the  mound  were  numerous  but  did  not  lie  in  deposits.  The  great 
majority  are  of  ordinary  ware  and  undecorated.  Some,  however,  are  of  excellent 
material.  Red  pigment  had  been  used  in  several  instances  and  punctate  markings 
and  the  check-stamp  are  represented.  The  complicated  stamp  was  not  met  with. 

There  were  also  in  the  mound,  unassociated  :  a  small  hatchet,  seemin<rlv  of 

o    */ 

igneous  rock  ;  a  triangular  weapon  or  tool,  of  chert ;  a  bit  of  fossil  wood  ;  a  number 
of  flakes  and  chippings.  of  chert;  a  pendant  of  volcanic  rock  (Fig.  64). 

MOUND  XKAK  INDIAN  BEND,  HEUNANDO  COUNTY. 

This  name  is  given  to  a  bight  in  the  swamp  bordering  the  Gulf,  around  which 
grow  pine  trees,  and  oaks  in  places.  The  mound  at  Indian  Bend  is  about  two 
miles  in  a  straight  line  almost  due  south  from  the  landing  at  the  head  of  Chassa- 
howit/ka  river.  It  had  been  dug  into  in  a  limited  way  before  our  visit  and  seemed, 
in  addition,  to  have  been  greatly  trampled  by  cattle.  Its  height  was  4  feet.  It  was 
48  feet  across  its  circular  base.  Fifteen  trenches  were  dug  in  toward  the  center 
until,  at  the  union  of  these  trenches,  a  portion  from  32  feet  to  34  feet  in  diameter 
remained.  This  part  was  entirely  demolished. 

Burials,  eight  in  num 
ber,  in  the  last  stage  of  de 
cay,  were:  two  lone  skulls; 
four  small  bunches,  each 
with  a  skull ;  one  bunch 
without  a  skull ;  and,  cen 
trally,  a  skeleton  flexed  on 


FIG.  63.— Handle  of  vessel.     Mound  near  FIG.  64.— Pendant    of   stone.         FIG.  65. — Sherd.     Mound  near 

the  Chassahowitzka  river.     (Full  size.)  Mound  near  the  Chassabow-  Indian  Bend.    (Half  size.) 

itzka  river.     (Full  size.) 

the  right  side  with  a  few  shell  beads  at  the  wrist. 

Exceptionally  few  sherds  were  met  with  in  this  mound.  Most  were  undecora 
ted ;  some  had  the  check-stamp;  one  had  encircling,  parallel  lines  incised  (Fig.  G5) 
which  gave  the  ware  the  appearance  of  the  coil  method  of  manufacture. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    415 

No  whole  vessels  were  found,  but  a  portion  of  one,  undecorated,  had  a  basal 
perforation  carefully  rounded  after  the  fracture. 

Here  and  there  in  the  mound,  unassociated,  were  several  flakes  and  fragments, 
of  chert,  an  arrowhead  or  knife,  and  a  lance-head,  of  the  same  material. 

Running  through  the  mound  for  a  number  of  feet,  was  a  deposit  of  sand  dyed 
red  with  hematite. 

MOUND  NEAR  BAYPORT,  HERNANUO  COUNTY. 

Bayport  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wekiwoochee  river. 

The  mound,  owner  unknown,  lay  in  scrub  and  pine,  about  one  mile  in  a  north 
erly  direction  from  the  town.  One  small  hole  was  the  only  previous  digging 
noticed  by  us,  but,  at  the  center,  there  seemed  to  be  a  certain  flattening  as  though 
a  building  had  been  there,  and  that  such  had  been  the  case  was  the  belief  in  Bay- 
port.  As  the  mound  was  on  a  natural  elevation  and  no  base-line  was  at  any  time 
apparent,  we  found  it  impossible  to  decide  as  to  height.  Judging  from  appearances, 
the  altitude  was  3  feet  7  inches,  but  as  nothing  showing  human  origin  is  believed  to 
have  been  found  during  the  digging,  at  a  depth  greater  than  2  feet,  the  mound  may 
have  been  lower  than  it  appeared.  The  diameters  of  base,  as  taken  by  us,  were  84 
feet  N.  and  S.,  and  76  feet  E.  and  W.,  but  here  again,  our  judgment  may  have  been 
at  fault.  At  all  events,  one  burial  and  sherds  at  various  points,  were  found  soon 
after  digging  began.  The  area  as  given  above  was  completely  dug  through. 

Burials  were  found  marginally  in  various  parts  of  the  mound  and  continued  to 
be  met  with,  occasionally,  until  the  more  central  parts  of  the  mound  were  reached, 
when  they  were  fairly  numerous.  All  were  so  badly  decayed  that  no  bones  were 
saved.  Such  crania  as  were  sufficiently  preserved  to  allow  determination  showed 
no  sign  of  flattening.  In  all  but  three  cases,  the  form  of  burial  was  of  the  ordinary 
bunched  variety.  Of  these  bunches,  thirty-four  had  one  skull  ;  four  bunches  had 
two  skulls ;  four  bunches  had  three  skulls ;  one  had  four  skulls  ;  one  had  six 
skulls ;  one  bunch  had  seven  skulls.  Three  bunches  had  no  crania  with  them. 

Three  other  bunches  had  with  them  small  deposits  of  fragments  of  calcined 
human  bones.  Twice  the  deposits  were  mingled  with  some  unburnt  bones  belong 
ing  to  the  bunched  burials.  In  these  cases  the  calcined  fragments  were  so  few  in 
number  that  a  fractional  part  of  the  skeleton  only  was  represented.  The  third 
deposit,  near  a  burial,  but  not  in  contact,  was  somewhat  larger,  perhaps  amounting 
to  several  quarts. 

With  various  burials  were  :  three  conch-shells  and  bits  of  pottery  ;  certain 
fragments  of  earthenware  ;  two  earthenware  vessels  in  fragments ;  a  bit  of  chert ; 
six  conch-shells  ;  two  implements  made  from  marine  univalves  (Fulgitr  perversum 
and  Fasciolaria]  by  removing  part  of  the  body-whorl ;  sand  dyed  with  hematite  ; 
sand  less  deeply  tinged  with  the  red  oxide;  two  small  shells  much  decayed;  one 
"celt." 

Over  one  burial  was  a  large  fragment  of  what  must  have  been  a  bowl  of 
great  size,  of  inferior  ware,  roughly  decorated.  On  the  fragment  was  one  large 
loop-shaped  handle. 


410     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


1 

i 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    417 

There  were  also  in  the  mound  :  marine  shells,  more  or  less  broken  (Fulgur, 
Fasciolaria]  with  the  lower  outer  portions  removed,  and  sharpened  at  the  lower  end 
of  the  columella  so  that,  when  the  upper  part  of  the  shell  was  held  in  the  hand, 
they  could  be  used  to  bore  or  to  pierce  with  ;  chips,  flakes  and  fragments,  of  chert; 
several  arrowheads  or  knives,  also  of  chert,  some  of  which  were  broken,  some  only 
rudely  blocked  out ;  four  "  celts,"  one  showing  marks  of  service  in  a  handle  ;  two 
very  diminutive  "celts  ;"  a  few  fragments  of  what  had  been  an  ornament  of  sheet- 
copper. 

At  the  very  margin  of  the  mound,  in  various  directions,  were  small  deposits  of 
sherds  made  up  of  parts  of  different  vessels,  while  single  sherds  and  smaller  deposits 
were  met  with  throughout  the  mound.  The  ware,  as  shown  by  these  fragments,  is, 
in  most  cases,  inferior,  though  some  is  of  excellent  quality.  Much  is  undecorated. 
One  sherd,  seemingly,  is  cord-marked,  though  this  decoration  is  hard  to  determine. 
A  few  bear  traces  of  crimson  pigment ;  many  have  the  check-stamp  of  various  sizes ; 
several  have  the  complicated  stamp,  including  the  design  of  concentric  circles,  so 
much  in  vogue  in  this  district.  One  has  a  complicated  pattern  shown  by  us  in 
Fig.  66,  Part  II,  of  our  "  Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Northwest  Florida 
Coast."  Some  sherds  from  this  investigation  bear  incised  decoration  alone;  some, 
punctate  decoration,  in  addition,  but  the  specialty  of  the  builders  of  the  mound 
was  the  punctate  impression  in  various  combinations.  A  selection  of  sherds  from 
the  mound  is  shown  in  Fig.  66  and  others  are  given  in  Figs.  67,  68,  69,  70. 


Flu.  (»7. — Sherd.     Mound  near  Buyport.     (Three-fourths  size.) 
53  JOURN.  A.  X.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XII. 


418     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS.  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


FIG.  68.— Sherd.     Mound  near  Bayport.     (Half  size.) 


"    ••»      ~:> 


"•  fc?  '  -*•«* 
tt  •  '-•:- 
.  "•  —  '- 


FIG.  09. — Sherd.     Mound  near  Bayport.     (Half  size.) 


FIG.  70. — Sherd.     Mound  near  Bayport.     (Half  size.) 


FIG.  71.— Part  of  vessel  of  earthenware.     Mound  near  Bayport.     (About  four-fifths  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    419 


Peart  of  a  vessel,  found  in  several  bits,  shows  an  interesting  decoration  and  indi 
cates  a  graceful  form  though,  unfortunately,  the  entire  base  and  most  of  the  neck, 
are  wanting  (Fig.  71).  The  sand  for  some  distance  around  these  fragments  was 
carefully  sifted  without  discovery  of  farther  trace  of  the  vessel  and  it  became  evi 
dent  that  the  pieces  had  been  interred  as  fragments  only. 

In  view  of  the  evidence  furnished  by  some  of  the  sherds  that  the  makers  of  the 
mound  posessed  ware  superior  as  to  quality,  form  and  decoration,  the  entire  vessels 
met  with  by  us  were  doubly  disappointing. 

Soon  after  the  digging  began,  in  the  eastern  margin  of  the  mound,  at  a  distance 
from  human  remains,  evidently  placed  in  the  mound  for  the  use  of  the  dead  in  com 
mon,  as  were  all  deposits  of  vessels  in  this  mound,  with  one  exception,  was  Vessel 
No.  1  (Fig.  72),  of  most  inferior  ware,  with  six  projecting  knobs,  undoubtedly 


\\ 


m 


'// 


FIG.  72. — Vessel  Xo.  1.     Mound  near  Bayport.     (About  two-thirds  size.) 


420     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


FIG.  73. — Vessel  No.  1.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Bayport.     (One-third  size.) 


Flo.  74. — Vessel  No.  2.     Mound  near  Bayport.     (Full  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    421 

highly  conventionalized  head,  tail  and  legs  of  a  life-form.  The  decoration,  traced 
on  the  clay  before  firing,  is  rude  (diagram,  Fig.  73).  In  the  base  is  a  carefully 
rounded  perforation  made  after  baking,  as  was  the  case  with  all  vessels  in  this 
mound,  except  such  as  are  described  to  the  contrary. 

With  this  vessel,  in  fragments  which  have  since  been  put  together,  was  Vessel 
No.  2,  of  excellent  ware  (Fig.  74),  with  incised  and  punctate  decoration  shown 
diagrammatically  in  Fig.  75.  There  are  duck-head  handles. 


FIG.  75.— Vessel  No.  2.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Bayport.     (Half  size. 


Somewhat  farther  in,  still  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  mound,  unfortunately 
shattered  by  the  blow  of  a  spade,  was  a  vessel,  an  inverted,  truncated  cone  in  shape, 
with  a  check-stamp  decoration.  This  vessel  was  too  badly  broken  to  determine  as 
to  basal  perforation. 

A  little  later,  in  the  same  direction,  an  undecorated,  globular  vessel  was  met 
with. 


422     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


FIG.  76. — Vessel  Xo.  5.     Mound  near  B:iyport.     (About  two-thirds  size.) 


FIG.  77. — Vessel  No.  6.     Mound  iiear  Ba.yport.     (About  three-fifths  size.) 

From  the  southern  part  of  the  mound  came  Vessel  No.  5  (Fig.  76)  which  for 
merly  had  had  double,  circular  compartments.  The  greater  part  of  one  compart 
ment  has  been  restored. 

Still  in  the  marginal  part  of  the  mound,  the  northwestern  portion,  but  farther 
in  than  the  vessels  already  described,  together,  were  nine  vessels,  Nos.  6  to  14, 
inclusive,  all  of  most  inferior  ware,  some  upright,  some  lying  on  the  side,  some 
inverted. 

Vessel  No.  6. — A  jar  of  about  3  quarts'  capacity  (Fig.  77),  undecorated,  has  a 
curious  projecting  base  in  which  is  a  perforation  made  before  baking.  Three  other 
vessels  of  this  type  came  from  this  mound.  Almost,  there  would  seem  to  be  cause 
to  doubt  whether  these  curious,  open,  projecting  bases  entitle  the  vessels  to  which 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA   YV.-< OAST.    423 

they  belong  to  be  classed  among  the  ready-made  mortuary  variety.  Possibly  the 
vessels  may  have  been  used  as  sieves  or  strainers  with  a  fabric  inserted  on  the 
bottom. 

Vessel  No.  7. — A  globular  vessel  of  about  (5  quarts'  capacity,  undecorated.  with 
a  small  vertical  rim,  a  part  of  which  was  missing  when  the  vessel  was  found. 

Vessel  No.  8. — A  quadrilateral  vessel  with  rounded  base,  shown  in  Fig.  78. 

Vessel  No.  9. — This  vessel,  similar  to  Vessel  No.  G,  was  sent  to  the  Peabody 
Museum,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Vessel  No.  10. — A  large  bowl  in  many  fragments,  having  the  upper  part  faintly 
decorated  with  a  complicated  stamp  composed  of  concentric  circles. 

Vessel  No.  11. — A  pot  of  about  3  gallons'  capacity,  having  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  body  a  faint  check-stamp. 


FIG.  78. — Vessel  No.  8.     Mound  near  Bayport.     (About  four-fifths  size.) 


424     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 


FIG.  79.— Vessel  No.  12.     Mound  near  Bayport.     (About  three-fifths  size.) 

Vessel  No.  12. — A  jar  of  the  same  type  as  Vessels  Nos.  6  and  9,  with  pro 
truding  base  and  ready-made  perforation,  shown  in  Fig.  79,  but  differing  slightly  in 
outline.  The  reader  will  bear  in  mind  that  properly  to  show  the  base,  the  aperture 
of  the  vessel  has  been  turned  away. 

Vessel  No.  13. — Badly  broken,  similar  to  Vessels  Nos.  6  and  9. 

Vessel  No.  14. — A  badly  broken  vessel  having  a  check-stamp  decoration. 

Vessel  No  15. — Alone  in  the  sand  was  a  small  vessel,  oblate  spheroidal, 
undecorated,  with  narrow,  upright  rim.  The  carefully-made,  circular  hole  in  the 
base,  looking  as  though,  after  a  small  piece  had  been  broken  out,  the  margin  of  the 
break  had  been  rounded  by  a  cutting  implement,  was  not  present  in  this  case,  the 
entire  bottom  having  been  knocked  out. 

In  the  body  of  the  mound,  NE.  part,  with  a  burial,  were  two  large,  undeco 
rated  vessels  in  fragments  (Numbers  16  and  17). 

MOUND  NEAR  INDIAN  CREEK,  HERNANDO  COUNTY. 

Indian  creek  enters  the  Gulf  about  five  miles  south  of  Bayport. 

Surrounded  by  marsh,  about  400  yards  ENE.  from  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  on 
property  of  Mr.  Richard  A.  Ellis,  of  Aripeka,  is  a  small  patch  of  solid  ground  on 
which  grow  a  few  palmettoes  and  pines.  In  the  center,  was  an  artificial  elevation 
about  2.5  feet  high  and  42  feet  across  the  base.  Previous  digging1  had  been  confined 

t->  OO        C 

to  a  small,  central  hole. 

The  mound  was  entirely  demolished  by  us  except  portions  around  several 
trees.  The  material  was  tough,  clayey  sand. 

Near  the  center  were  two  bunched  burials,  each  with  a  skull,  and  a  skeleton 
closely  flexed  on  the  right  side. 

No  artifacts  of  any  sort  were  met  with. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    425 

MOUND  NKAK  THE  WEKIWACHEE  RIVER,  PASCO  COUNTY. 1 

The  mound,  in  pine  woods,  in  full  view  from  the  Tampa  road,  was  about  two 
miles  in  a  SSE.  direction  from  the  mouth  of  the  Wekiwachee  river,  also  called 
Hammock  creek. 

At  one  side  of  the  mound  was  a  depression  whence  the  sand  had  been  taken, 
and  about  100  yards  distant  was  a  fresh-water  pond  where  the  aborigines  found  a 
supply  of  water. 

The  mound  had  been  dug  into,  centrally,  to  a  certain  extent  before  we  came 
and  bits  of  bone  and  fragments  of  pottery  were  scattered  on  the  surface.  The  area 
of  the  base,  which  seemed  to  have  been  extended  somewhat  by  the  trampling  of 
cattle,  was  80  feet  by  64  feet.  The  height  of  the  mound  was  a  trifle  over  4  feet. 
What  seemed  to  be  the  mound  proper,  was  entirely  dug  down  by  us,  except  small 
parts  around  certain  trees.  Sand,  apparently  washed  and  trampled  from  above, 
presumably  not  belonging  to  the  mound,  though  in  appearance  a  part  of  it,  was 
excluded  from  the  investigation. 

Burials  were  met  with  from  the  very  start  and  continued  in  until  a  deposit  of 
bones,  spread  in  a  layer,  was  encountered,  which  occupied  all  the  central  part  of  the 
mound,  at  a  depth  of  about  two  feet  from  the  surface.  In  this  layer,  with  other 
bones,  were  seventy-six  skulls,  and,  doubtless,  the  digging  preceding  our  own 
removed  certain  others. 

The  sole,  and  rather  incommensurate,  votive  offering  with  this  great  deposit  of 
bones  was  a  vessel  of  earthenware,  of  about  one  quart  capacity,  a  flattened  sphere  in 
shape,  having  traces  of  red  paint  on  the  exterior  and  a  small  mortuary  perforation 
in  the  base. 

There  were  also  in  the  mound  : 

Bunched  burials  each  having  one  skull,  40 

Bunched  burials  with  two  skulls  each,  .  .                                                11 

Bunched  burials  with  three  skulls  each,  - 

Bunched  burials  with  four  skulls  each,  .  2 

Skeletons  closely  flexed  on  the  right  side,  .          .                                        5 
Skeletons  closely  flexed  on  the  left  side, 

Bunched  burial  with  no  skull,        ....  1 

Four  additional  burials,  each  with  a  single  skull,  fell  with  caved  sand. 

There  was  also  a  small  pocket  of  calcined  fragments  of  human  bone,  perhaps 
about  one  quart  in  all,  present  in  the  mound. 

The  condition  of  the  bones  was  such  that  no  skull  was  saved.  No  cranial 
flattening  was  noticed  on  any  of  the  fragments. 

The  aborigines  who  built  this  mound  were  not  liberal  in  offerings  to  the 
departed,  as  was  indicated  by  the  comparative  lack  of  artifacts  with  the  great 
deposit,  The  skeleton  of  a  child  had  three  shell  drinking-cups  and  two  unwrought 

1  This  river  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  Wekiwooehee  river,  some  eight  miles  away. 
54  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XII. 


426     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

conchs  (Fulgur  perversum),  while  two  shell-cups  lay  each  with  another  burial. 
With  one  burial  was  sand  dyed  with  hematite. 

With  a  bunched  burial  was  a  gracefully  made  "celt;"  with  another,  two 
equally  as  well-made. 

Not  immediately  associated  with  burials  were  :  one  hammer-stone  ;  two  lance- 
heads,  of  chert,  each  about  3.5  inches  in  length;  a  well-made  spear-head  of  chert, 
about  5  inches  long  and  about  2  inches  in  maximum  diameter.  A  grooved  pendant, 
rather  roughly  made  from  a  pebble,  lay  alone  in  the  sand. 

In  the  southern  margin  of  the  mound  was  a  small  deposit  of  sherds  and,  here 
and  there  in  the  mound,  fragments  were  met  with  singly,  bearing  red  pigment,  the 


*  fe*-: 

V 

V 


FIG.  80.— Selection  of  sherds.     Mound  near  the  Wekiwachee  river.     (Half  size.) 

check-stamp,  punctate  markings.  There  were  several  fragments  with  a  complicated 
stamp  in  which  the  concentric  circle  figured.  A  selection  of  sherds  from  this 
mound  is  shown  in  Fig.  80. 

Part  of  a  vessel  was  met  with  showing  a  basal  perforation  made  before  the 
firing  of  the  clay. 

MOUND    NEAR    THE    PlTHLOCHASCOOTIE    RlVER,    PASCO    COUNTY. 

This  river,  variously  spelled  on  maps  and  charts,  is  commonly  spoken  of  as  the 
"  Kootie." 

About  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  mouth  of  the  river,  on  the  S.  side, 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    427 

visible  from  the  water,  on  property  of  Mr.  K.  B.  Liles,  of  Eliren,  Fla.,  is  an  oblong 
mound  running  almost  north  and  south,  142  feet  along  the  base  and  70  feet  across 
it.  The  summit  plateau  is  91  feet  long  and  19  feet  in  width.  The  height  is  9  feet. 
The  mound,  composed  of  alternate  layers  of  sand  and  of  shell,  as  is  shown  by  former 
excavations,  is  probably  domiciliary. 

Mr.  S.  T.  Walker,  in  the  Smithsonian  Report  for  1879,  page  392,  el  seq.,  has 
described,  and  given  plans  of,  this  domiciliary  mound  and  of  the  burial  mound 
nearby,  a  description  of  which  we  are  about  to  give. 

About  100  yards  in  an  easterly  direction  from  the  domiciliary  mound  is  a 
mound  of  sand,  of  irregular  outline  (see  Plan,  Fig.  81),  also  on  property  of  Mr. 
Liles.  The  mound,  narrowest  at  its  western  end,  slopes  gently  upward  for  58  feet, 


-------  =  excavation 


: 


^-^..ii"' 


FIG.  81.— Plan.     Mound  near  Pithlocliascootie  river. 

when  the  maximum  height, "4  feet,  is  reached.  There  is  then  a  decline  of  65  feet  to 
the  level  ground  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  mound.  Mr.  Walker  is  in  error 
in  ascribing  to  the  sand  mound  a  height  greater  than  that  of  the  domiciliary  mound, 
and  in  his  plan  of  the  burial  mound  has  reversed  the  position  of  its  ends,  putting 
the  broader  end  at  the  western  extremity. 

There  had  been  comparatively  little  previous  digging,  considering  the  size  of 
the  mound.     Mr.  Walker's  digging,  amounting  to  but  little,  was  plainly  traceable. 


428     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

The  western,  or  narrower  part  of  the  mound,  which,  however,  included  the  highest 
part,  was  entirely  dug  through  by  us  to  include  76  feet  of  the  length  of  the  base. 
The  remaining,  or  eastern  portion  of  the  mound,  47  feet  in  length  along  the  base, 
was  dug  through  by  us  with  the  exception  of  the  outer  parts,  in  which  neither 
burials  nor  artifacts  were  found  by  trenching.  The  total  area  of  our  investigation 
is  shown  in  broken  lines  on  the  plan.  The  arm,  or  causeway  (see  plan)  having  been 
dug  by  Mr.  Walker,  was  not  investigated  by  us. 

The  mound,  of  sand,  rested  upon  a  foundation  of  clay  on  which,  here  and  there, 
were  masses  of  lime-rock.  Whether  these  masses  were  put  in  place  by  aborigines 
at  the  making  of  the  mound,  we  are  unable  to  say,  though  it  is  our  opinion  they 
were  not,  as  an  excavation  made  by  us  at  some  distance  from  the  mound  yielded 
similar  masses  of  rock. 

There  were  in  the  mound,  locally,  along  the  base,  deposits  of  oyster-shells. 
These  deposits  had  no  direct  connection  with  the  burials. 

Mr.  Walker  says,  in  speaking  of  this  mound  :  "  Excavations  systematically 
conducted  revealed  human  remains  in  vast  quantities  in  every  part  of  the  mound." 

Burials  were  numerous  in  places  but  were  not  present  in  others.  Some  of  our 
men  dug  through  undisturbed  sand  during  many  hours  without  coming  upon  a  sin 
gle  bone.  Mr.  Walker  says  also,  "  The  mode  of  burial  was  interment  at  full  length, 
with  the  heads  directed  toward  a  common  center,  the  body  reclining  on  its  right 
side ;  I  discovered  three  of  these  circles  of  bodies,  each  containing  from  seven  to 
fourteen  adult  skeletons." 

We  met  with  nothing  in  the  mound  to  indicate  this  method  of  burial,  and  we 
may  say,  incidentally,  we  have  not  found  it  in  several  hundred  mounds  opened  by 
us  in  the  southern  United  States. 

Human  remains  were  found  in  the  mound  at  sixty-two  places. 

The  skeletons  in  the  mound  lay  as  follows  : 

Partly  flexed  on  the  right  side,         .....  5 

Partly  flexed  on  the  left  side,         .....  6 

Closely  flexed  on  the  right  side,       .          .          .          .          .  13 

Closely  flexed  on  the  left  side,          .....  7 

Full  length  on  back,        .......  2 

The  heads  of  the  skeletons  pointed  as  follows  :  E.,  4  ;  E.  by  S.,  1 ;  ESE.,  3  . 
SE.,  3  ;  SSE.,  3;  S,  1  ;  WSW,  3  ;  W.,  1  ;  W.  by  N,  1 ;  WNW.,  1 ;  NW.,  1  ;  NE.,  2  ; 
ENE.,  5;  E.  by  N.,  4. 

The  upper  half  of  a  skeleton,  perhaps  an  aboriginal  disturbance,  had  the  cra 
nium  directed  toward  the  south. 

It  was  noted  as  an  invariable  rule  in  this  mound  that  the  skeletons  lay  on  the 
base,  while  the  lone  skulls,  of  which  there  were  seven,  and  the  bunched  burials, 
of  which  eighteen  were  met  with,  were  considerably  higher  in  the  mound. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.     429 

The  bunched  burials  were  as  follows  : 

With  no  skull  present,  ...                                      .1 
With  one  skull, 

With  two  skulls,  2 

With  three  skulls,     .  4 

With  five  skulls,        .  1 

With  eight  skulls,     .  .                                                         2 

A  number  of  scattered  bones  found  by  us  at  one  point  in  the  mound,  was 
perhaps  an  aboriginal  disturbance. 

There  were  included  in  our  enumeration  also  one  recent  disturbance,  and  one 
burial  details  as  to  which  we  do  not  find  in  our  note  book. 

About  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  mound  from  the  western  extremity,  well  in 
toward  the  median  line  and  continuing  inward  and  eastward,  not  always  in  close 
contact  but  spread,  was  a  deposit  of  bones  with  which  were  fifty-seven  skulls.  With 
this  great  mass,  were  three  small  deposits  of  calcined  human  bones.  All  this  was 
scored  as  one  burial  and  completes  the  sixty-two  burials  counted  by  us. 

No  skulls  were  saved  from  this  mound.  Judging  from  large  fragments  found, 
cranial  compression  had  not  been  practised. 

With  burial  No.  1,  a  recent  disturbance,  were  Vessels  Nos.  1,  2  and  3,  all  of 
most  inferior  ware,  and  in  fragments. 

A  conch-shell  lay  with  a  lone  skull,  and  similar  shells  were 
with  burials  or  unassociated. 

Burial  No.  22,  a  skeleton  closely  flexed  on  the  left  side,  had  on 
the  pelvic  portion  a  beautiful  pendant  of  slate  (Fig.  82). 

With  a  bunched  burial  was  a  graceful  arrow-  or  lance-head  of 
chalcedony,  while  a  flake  of  chert,  evidently  used  as  a  knife,  lay  with 
another  bunched  burial. 

A  skeleton  closely  flexed  on  the  right,  Burial  No.  32,  had  with 
it  :  one  hammer-stone ;  four  small  masses  of  cherty  material  ;  part 
of  a  lance-head  or  of  a  dagger,  of  chert ;  five  fragmentary  objects  of 
shell,  chisels,  etc.  ;  one  tibia  and  one  humerus,  belonging  to  the 
deer;  three  deer  tibia*  and  one  humerus,  in  fragments;  one  astrag 
alus  of  a  deer ;  bits  of  bone  mainly  belonging  to  the  deer ;  part  of  a 
jaw  of  a  small  mammal;  fragments  of  pointed  implements  of  bone  ; 
five  entire  implements  wrought  from  leg-bones  of  deer,  and  two, 
each  broken  into  two  parts;  three  tubes  of  bone,  each  about  1.5 
FIG.  82.-Pen.iant  inches  in  length. 

of  slate.    Mound  near  *- 

the  pithiochascootie  Near  Burial  No.  33,  a  skeleton  closely  flexed  on  the  naht  side, 

river.     (Full  size.) 

were  three  piercing  implements  wrought  from  cannon-bones  of  deer, 
and  a  number  of  fragments  of  bone,  probably  parts  of  implements. 

In  the  southern  part  of  the  mound,  with  Burial  No.  30,  a  skeleton  flexed  on 
the  right  side,  was  an  inverted  bowl,  Vessel  No.  4,  oval  in  horizontal  section.  13.8 


430     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

inches  by  15  inches  in  maximum  diameter,  8. 5  inches  high,  6.5  inches  by  7.5  inches 
in  diameters  of  aperture,  with  in-turned  rim  cind  rude,  incised  decoration  shown  in 
Fig.  S'-j.  So  stout  was  the  ware  that  it  resisted  a  number  of  blows  of  a  spade,  aimed 
at  neighboring  palmetto  roots.  There  is  a  rounded  perforation  in  the  base,  made 
after  the  completion  of  the  vessel,  and  another  in  the  side. 


FIG.  83. — Vessel  No.  4.     Mounii  near  Pithloeliascootier  iver.     (About  half  size.) 

On  the  base  of  the  mound,  as  was  the  other,  and  about  6  feet  east  of  it,  inver 
ted,  with  Burial  No.  42,  a  skeleton  closely  flexed  on  the  right  side,  was  Vessel  No. 
5,  a  bowl  of  excellent  yellow  ware,  18  inches  in  diameter,  7.75  inches  high  and  13.8 
inches  across  the  opening.  This  vessel  (Fig.  84)  has  red  pigment  interiorly  and  red 
coloring  matter  within  two  of  each  of  the  four  triangles  which  make  up  the  oblong 
spaces  between  the  groups  of  parallel  vertical  lines  of  the  decoration.  With  Burial 
No.  42  was  also  a  small  pendant  of  sedimentary  rock,  having  a  conventional  bird- 
form,  shown  in  two  positions  in  Fig.  85,  while  a  well-made  pendant  of  metamorphic 
rock  (Fig.  80)  lay  with  another  burial. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA   W.-COAST.    431 


A  bunched  burial  had  near  it  an  ungrooved  quartz  crystal,  and  a  rather  rude 
lance-head  of  chert  was  with  another  bunched  burial. 

With  the  large  deposit  were  two  "celts,"  a  conch-shell,  a  long  pendant  made 
from  a  columella  of  a  marine  univalve,  and  three  pendants  of  lime-rock,  much  the 


worse  for  age. 


FIG.  34. — Vessel  Xo.  5.     Mound  near  the  Pithloehascootie  river.     (About  two-fifths  size.! 


FIG.  85. — Pendant  of  sedimentary  rock. 
Two  positions.  Mound  near  the  Pithlochas- 
cootie  river.  (Full  size.) 


FIG.  86.— Pendant  of  meta- 
morphic  rock.  Mound  near  the 
Pithloehascootie  river.  (Full  size.) 


At  places  throughout  the  mound,  usually  singly,  was  a  considerable  number  of 
fragments  of  chert,  also  flakes  of  chert,  evidently  used  as  knives,  and  many  cutting 


432     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

tools  of  chert,  half  wrought  or  very  rudely  worked,  if  complete.  There  were  also 
several  implements  made  from  columella;  of  marine  univalves.  Apparently  unas- 
sociated,  were  :  one  "  celt "  showing  much  wear  where  the  handle  had  been  ;  two 
roughly  chipped  cutting  implements  of  cherty  material,  each  about  7  inches  long 
and  each  somewhat  broken  at  the  smaller  end  ;  one  graceful  pendant  of  shell ;  two 
stone  pendants  found  separately  ;  seven  arrow-  and  lance-heads,  of  chert,  some 
barbed  and  beautifully  pointed;  one  drill  of  chert;  and  several  small  cutting  tools 
of  the  same  material;  two  arrowheads  which,  partly  broken,  had  been  rounded  for 
use  as  scrapers ;  the  lower  part  of  a  fine  lance-head  of  chert ;  an  implement  5  inches 
long,  of  smoothed  quartz  material. 

In  this  mound  were  no  deposits  of  sherds  other  than,  possibly,  two  or  three 
fragments  lying  together  though,  here  and  there,  sherds  were  met  with  unassociated. 
Some  were  undecorated  and  of  inferior  ware ;  others  gave  evidence  that  vessels  of 
excellent  ware  and  superior  decoration  had  been  possessed  by  the  makers  of  the 


' 


FIG.  87.— Selection  of  sherds.     Mouud  near  the  Pitlilochascootie  river.     (Half  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    433 

mound.  Many  sherds  bore  the  ever-present  check-stamp ;  the  complicated  stamp 
was  on  one  sherd  only.  Some  had  a  decoration  of  crimson  pigment;  others,  incised 
and  punctate  designs.  A  selection  is  shown  in  Fig.  87.  The  reader  will  note  in 
the  right  hand  upper  corner  a  sherd,  iKindsomely  decorated,  where  a  portion  of  the 
design  is  carried  above  the  rim.  One  interesting  sherd,  of  excellent  ware,  shows 
the  head  of  a  bird  with  peculiarly  shaped  bill  beneath  which  is  a  perforation  which 
may  be  one  of  two  made  for  the  suspension  of  the  vessel,  or  a  single  hole  to  allow 
the  fragment  to  be  worn  as  a  pendant. 

MOUND  NEAR  TARPON  SPRINGS,  HII.LSBORO  COUNTY. 

This  mound  is  referred  to,  incidentally,  as  it  belonged  to  those  of  the  district 
of  which  we  are  writing. 

The  mound  is  described  by  Mr.  S.  T.  Walker  (pp.  cit.,  page  394  et  seq.}  under 
the  heading  of  the  Ormond  mound  on  the  Anclote  river.  Such  digging  as  was  done 
by  Mr.  Walker,  after  members  of  Mr.  Ormond's  family  had  tried  their  hands  at  it, 
yielded  nothing  of  importance. 

In  1895,  what  remained  of  the  mound  was  totally  demolished  by  the  late  Mr. 
Frank  Hamilton  Gushing,  who  reported1  the  discovery  of  many  burials  and  also  of 
a  pendant  of  crystal,  a  pendant  of  copper  and  many  fragments  of  earthenware. 
These  fragments  will  be  figured  and  described  in  Prof.  W.  H.  Holmes'  "  The  Pot 
tery  of  the  Eastern  United  States,"  which  will  be  published  as  the  Twentieth 
Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

MOUND  ON  HOG  ISLAND,  HIU.SBORO  COUNTY. 

Hog  Island  lies  between  part  of  St.  Joseph  sound  and  the  Gulf. 

The  mound,  on  property  of  Mr.  Henry  Scherrer,  living  nearby,  is  about  one 
mile  in  a  northerly  direction  from  the  southern  extremity  of  the  island.  It  lies  on 
low  ground  which  is  entirely  surrounded  by  water  at  high  tide,  and  seems  a  curious 
selection  for  a  place  of  burial. 

The  mound,  composed  of  a  mixture  of  sand  and  of  small  marine  bivalves 
(Venus  cancellata],  the  same  genus  as  our  round  clam,  had  been  wofully  dug  into, 
centrally,  and  from  the  sides,  previous  to  our  visit,  when  it  was  completely  demol 
ished  by  us,  with  the  exception  of  parts  surrounding  two  trees. 

Burials  in  this  mound  lay,  as  a  rule,  near  the  base  and  in  graves  below  the 
base.  Many  skeletons,  we  were  told,  had  been  removed  by  former  diggers  and  many 
others,  remaining,  showed  great  disturbance. 

Thirty-three  skeletons  were  met  with  by  us,  buried  as  follows : 

Closely  flexed  on  the  right  side,       .          .          .          .          .  -il 

Closely  flexed  on  the  left  side,          .....  7 

Partly  flexed  on  the  right,       ......  1 

Closely  flexed,  face  down,        ......  '2 

Closely  flexed  on  the  back,      ......  1 

Disturbance  by  our  diggers,     ......  1 

1  "Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,"  Vol.  XXXV,  Xo.  153,  Pliila.,  1897. 
55  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XII. 


434     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

Two  of  these  burials  had  above  them  a  skull,  and  a  skull  with  a  femur,  respec 
tively,  aboriginal  disturbances. 

There  was  also  in  the  mound  a  burial,  presumably  intrusive,  as  it  was  but  2 
feet  below  the  surface  and  was  in  a  better  condition  than  the  other  burials,  although 
they,  owing  to  the  infiltration  of  lime-salts,  were  in  a  state  of  preservation  much 
superior  to  that  usually  met  with. 

Nineteen  skulls  were  saved  from  this  mound,  none  showing  cranial  flattening. 
Three  of  these,  showing  marked  pathological  changes,  were  sent  to  the  United  States 
Army  Medical  Museum,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  four  are  now  in  our  Academy  of  Natu 
ral  Sciences  (Catalogue  numbers  2206  to  2209,  inclusive) ;  nine  probably  will  be 
added  to  the  collection,  later.  Three  of  the  nineteen  skulls  subsequently  fell  into 
fragments. 

In  the  count  of  burials  found  by  us,  bones  scattered  by  former  diggers  are  not 
noted.  In  addition,  we  may  have  passed  over  certain  burials  in  graves,  if  any  lay 
beneath  trenches  put  in  by  former  diggers. 

This  mound,  in  a  negative  way,  is  about  the  most  remarkable  one  in  our  expe 
rience  for,  in  the  parts  dug  down  by  us,  not  a  single  fragment  of  pottery  was  met 
with,  nor  was  any  artifact  of  any  sort  discovered,  with  the  exception  of  part  of  a 
small  implement,  probably  of  coralline  lime-stone.  Neither  was  there  in  the 
mound,  according  to  the  reports  of  our  diggers,  over  whom  was  close  supervision,  in 
addition,  any  unworked  pebble,  conch-shell,  or  fragment  of  chert.  In  a  word,  prac 
tically  nothing  imperishable  had  been  placed  with  the  dead,  if  we  except  powdered 
hematite,  in  several  instances. 

Mouxo  NEAR  CLEARWATER,  HILLSBORO  COUNTY. 

The  mound,  in  sight  from  St.  Joseph  sound,  and  but  a  few  feet  from  the  N.  end 
of  the  bridge  across  Steven's  creek,  about  2  miles  in  a  N.  direction  from  Clearwater, 
is  75  feet  across  the  base  and  5  feet  in  height.  Fifteen  excavations  in  various  parts 
of  the  mound  strongly  suggested  a  domiciliary  character  for  the  mound. 

MOUND  NEAH  JOHN'S  PASS,  HILLSBOKO  COUNTY. 

This  mound,  described  by  Mr.  S.  T.  Walker  (op.  tit.,  page  401  et  seq.)  lay  near 
the  SE.  end  of  a  nameless  key  which,  extending  east  and  west,  lies  just  inside  of 
John's  Pass.  The  mound,  on  a  low  ridge,  a  portion  of  which  had  been  dug  into  to 
make  it,  had  sustained  considerable  investigation  before  our  visit,  when  it  was  com 
pletely  demolished.  The  diameter  of  the  circular  base  was  about  35  feet;  the 
height,  2  feet  4  inches.  The  mound  was  composed  of  sand  and  of  broken  shells, 
not  shell-heap  material,  but  fragments  of  shells,  washed  up  by  the  sea. 

Although,  as  we  have  said,  there  had  been  much  previous  digging,  a  large  per 
centage  of  the  area  of  the  mound  was  intact  and  afforded  a  good  idea  of  what  the 
mound  and  its  contents  had  been.  Burials  extended  more  than  one  foot  below  the 
base,  into  broken  shell  material  of  the  kind  we  have  described,  mixed  with  a  little 
sand.  In  addition  to  disturbances  by  comparatively  recent  diggers,  we  noted  six 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    435 


skeletons,  three  Hexed  on  the  right  side,  three  on  the  left  side.  Also,  there  was 
on  the  S.  side  of  the  mound,  a  great  number  of  bones,  including  a  large  number  of 
crania,  spread  along  the  lower  part  of  the  mound.  So  thickly  were  these  bones 
placed,  at  times,  that  eight  or  ten  skulls  were  in  sight  within  a  comparatively  small 
space.  Unfortunately,  though  the  admixture  of  shell  in  the  mound  tended  to  pre 
serve  the  bones,  close  packing  of  long-bones  against  crania  had  crushed  the  facial 
bones  of  most  of  the  skulls.  Twelve  crania,  none  showing  flattening,  were  saved 
from  this  mound,  six  of  which  are  now  in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
(Catalogue  Nos.  2210  to  2215,  inclusive),  and  six,  we  trust,  will  be  added  later. 

With  certain  burials,  was  sand  dyed  with  hematite  but  no  artifacts  lay  with 
the  dead,  though  throughout  the  mound,  were  ten  or  a  dozen  shell  drinking-cups 
(Fulgur  perversum),  some  neatly  made.  Curiously  enough,  none  had  the  usual 
basal  perforation. 


FIG.  83. — Selection  of  sherds.     Mound  near  John's  Pass.     (Half  size.) 


436     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

Mr.  Walker  says  of  this  mound,  "  The  surface  about  the  base  was  thickly 
strewn  with  fragments  of  pottery ;  in  fact  it  seemed  that  the  whole  foundation  of 
the  mound  was  covered  with  broken  pottery  previously  to  the  interment  of  any  of 
the  bodies." 

There  were  a  number  of  sherds  in  the  mound,  here  and  there,  at  various 
depths,  but  we  saw  nothing  to  bear  out  Mr.  Walker's  statement  on  the  subject. 
These  sherds,  the  only  artifacts  in  the  mound,  except  the  drin king-cups,  were  of 
inferior  ware  and  rudely  decorated,  when  at  all.  The  check-stamp  was  present  in 
several  instances,  but  the  prevailing  form  of  decoration  was  incised  and  punctate. 
A  few  loop-handles  were  found.  A  selection  of  sherds  from  this  mound  is  shown 
in  Fig.  88. 

In  this  mound  were  several  large  fragments  of  shell-tempered  ware,  belonging 
to  one  vessel,  the  first  we  recall  having  met  with  in  peninsular  Florida,  if  we  except 
two  handsomely  made  bird-head  handles  from  the  Island  of  Marco,  which  had  been 
worn  as  pendants,  and  were,  doubtless,  importations.  Even  on  the  Florida  main 
land  shell-tempered  ware  is  rarely  met  with  until  the  district  bordering  Alabama  is 
reached. 


Scale  in  4eet  <fc= 
"                                    \     „  ;""                              \           ?Jt"  -" 
=  exravation                             ^^Jf  "'"/  i  ';  •.nrW*1"1' 

?s^/  i  ;•&  «>"--  ...^v*'1' 


Xtl,X,a,...,..;;,K,!;w^^^ 

"'wt/rl'i.  ^'*  .     '^Z'', 

****.    -m?&. 

l'"**..HIj  r,l|,(,.WW(, 


FIG.  89. — Plan.     Mound  on  Long  Ke.v. 

MOUND  ON  LONG  KEY,  HILLSBORO  COUNTY. 

Long  Key  lies  between  the  Gulf  and  Boca  Ceiga  bay,  having  Blind  Pass  on 
the  north  and  Passe  a  Grille  on  the  south. 

About  midway  from  the  extremities  of  the  island,  a  strip  of  land  makes  into 
the  bay  in  a  SE.  direction.  About  one-half  mile  from  the  end  of  this  strip,  in  thick 
growth,  is  the  mound,  to  which  only  good  luck  or  a  guide  can  lead  one. 

The  mound  is  described  by  Mr.  S.  T.  Walker  (op.  tit.,  pg.  403,  et.  seg.)  who 
also  gives  a  plan  of  it,  and  ascribes  to  it  the  form  of  a  turtle.  In  Fig.  89  we  give 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST.    437 

the  plan  of  the  mound  as  it  seemed  to  us.  The  material  is  white  sand  ;  the  height 
somewhat  under  4  feet.  The  length  is  100  feet;  the  maximum  breadth,  about  70 
feet. 

Three  holes,  each  12  feet  square,  and  three  others,  each  6  feet  square,  were  dug 
by  us.  In  several  places  was  sand  tinged  with  hematite  and  one  skeleton  closely 
Hexed  on  the  left  side,  about  two  feet  from  the  surface,  was  met  with.  This  burial 
had  a  recent  appearance  and  impressed  us  as  being  intrusive. 

No  artifact  of  any  sort  was  found. 

For  accounts  of  additional,  but  unimportant  mounds  in  this  district  just  north 
of  Tampa  bay,  see  our  "  Antiquities  of  the  Florida  West-Coast,"  Journal  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  Vol.  XI. 

In  the  district  of  which  this  paper  treats  was  no  new  form  of  burial. 

Calcined  human  bones  were  found  upon  several  occasions,  but  these  were  prob 
ably  connected  with  other  burials  as  is  usually  the  case  when  calcined  remains  are 
found  in  peninsular  Florida. 

No  urn-burials  were  met  with,  nor  had  our  previous  experience  in  the  peninsula 
led  us  to  anticipate  their  discovery.  Incidentally,  the  southeasternmost  urn-burial 
we  have  found  in  Florida' was  on  Marsh  Island,  Ocklockonee  bay,  which  belongs  to 
the  mainland  portion  of  Florida  (see  outline  map). 

Cranial  flattening,  which  Bernard  Romans  says  was  practised  by  the  Choctaws, 
was  not  seen  by  us  on  any  skull  in  the  mounds  of  the  central  Florida  west-coast, 
though  the  reader  of  our  reports  on  the  northwest  coast  will  recall  that  the  custom 
was  extensively  practised  there. 

The  custom  to  inter  general  deposits  of  earthenware  in  blackened  sand  did  not 
obtain  along  the  central  west-coast,  and  the  life-form  in  earthenware  was  not  met 
with,1  save  in  the  case  of  one  human  effigy-vessel  and  a  very  highly  conventionalized 
life-form  consisting  of  six  protuberances  representing  head,  tail  and  four  legs.  Bird- 
head  handles,  however,  were  found.  Loop-shaped  handles  were  met  with  occa 
sionally  and  seemingly  show  the  influence  of  regions  farther  north. 

Ceremonial  vessels  having,  in  the  body,  a  number  of  large  holes  made  before 
the  firing  of  the  clay,  were  not  found  along  the  central  west-coast,  though,  as  the 
reader  may  recall,  they  are  present  in  numbers  in  the  mounds  of  the  northwest 
coast  of  Florida. 

The  small  check-stamp  was  everywhere  met  with,  and  the  complicated  stamp 
was  found  once  as  far  south  as  the  Pithlochascootie  river,  which  is  considerably 
farther  south  than  it  was  found  by  us  on  the  St.  Johns  river.  The  complicated 
stamp,  however,  varies  but  slightly  in  pattern  along  the  central  west-coast  where 
but  little  is  met  with  that  does  not  consist  of  combinations  of  concentric  circles. 

While,  as  we  have  stated,  the  ware,  as  a  rule,  was  inferior,  yet  excellent  ware 
with  artistic  decoration,  punctate  and  incised,  was  in  the  possession  of  the  aborigines 

1  Life  forms  in  earthenware  are  not  met  with,  practically,  south  of  the  Warrior  river  (see  outline 
map). 


438     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  CENTRAL  FLORIDA  W.-COAST. 

of  the  west-coast.     Gritty  ware  and  shell-tempered  ware,  as  might  have  been  ex 
pected,  practically  were  absent. 

The  finding  of  solid  copper,  a  fish-spear  along  the  Suwannee  river,  and  pen 
dants  of  solid  copper  in  the  Crystal  river  mound,  came  in  the  nature  of  a  surprise. 
Though  we  had  found  several  large  and  heavy  beads  of  solid  copper  along  the 
Ocklawaha  river  and  near  the  Lakes  from  which  the  river  runs,  and  a  lance-head 
of  thin  copper  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Johns,  yet  sheet-copper  preponderated  to 
such  an  extent  among  our  discoveries  of  copper  in  Florida,  that  we  had  come  to 
regard  the  territory  as  being  so  far  distant  from  the  source  of  aboriginal  supply  that 
the  material  would  be  used  there  hardly  otherwise  than  as  a  veneer.  It  seems, 
however,  that  some  solid  copper  was  in  use  there,  and  doubtless  more  will  be 
found  as  mound-work  is  continued  in  the  State. 


CERTAIN 


ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS 


OF  THE 


APALACHICOLA   RIVER 


BY 


CLARENCE    B.  MOORE. 


REPRINT   FROM   THE   JOURNAL   OF   THE   ACADEMY   OF   NATURAL 

SCIENCES   OF    PHILADELPHIA,  VOLUME   XII. 

PHILADELPHIA,    1903. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

P.  C.  STOCKHAUSEN, 

1903. 


w 


MAP  OF  THE  APALACHICOLA  RIVER 

Scale  in  miles 


1903 
X  indicates  mound 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS  OF  THE  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 

BY  CLARENCE  B.  MOOKK. 

The  Apalachicola  river,  formed  by  the  union  of  the  Chattahoochee  and  the 
Flint,  at  the  boundary  between  Georgia  and  Florida,  keeps  a  southward  course 
through  the  Florida  mainland  and  empties  into  Apalachicola  bay,  a  part  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  The  length  of  the  river  is  about  70  miles  in  a  straight  line,  and  about 
105  miles,  following  the  course  of  the  stream. 

What  we  have  said  as  to  the  reproduction  of  vessels  and  as  to  the  preparation 
of  the  report,  at  the  beginning  of  the  paper  on  the  mounds  of  the  Florida  west-coast, 
applies  equally  to  this  report. 

Mounds  Investigated. 

Mound  on  Brickyard  creek,  Apalachicola  river. 

Mound  near  Burgess  creek,  Chipola  river. 

Mound  near  Isabel  Landing,  Chipola  river. 

Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off,  Chipola  river. 

Mound  near  Estiffanulga,  Apalachicola  river. 

Mound  near  Blountstown,  Apalachicola  river. 

Mound  in  Davis  Field,  Apalachicola  river. 

Yon  mound,  Apalachicola  river. 

Mound  below  Bristol,  Apalachicola  river. 

Mound  at  Bristol,  Apalachicola  river. 

Mound  near  Atkins'  Landing,  Apalachicola  river. 

Mounds  near  Aspalaga,  Apalachicola  river  (o). 

Mound  near  Sampson's  Landing,  Apalachicola  river. 

Mounds  at  Chattahoochee  Landing,  Apalachicola  river  (7). 

In  addition  to  these  mounds,  we  investigated,  the  previous  season,  at  and  near 
the  town  of  Apalachicola.  eleven  mounds,  full  accounts  of  which  are  given  in  our 
"  Certain  Aboriginal  Remains  of  the  Northwest  Florida  Coast,"  Part  II. 

MOUND  ON  BRICKYARD  CREEK,  FRANKLIN  COUNTY. 

This  mound,  immediately  on  the  eastern  bank  of  Brickyard  creek,  about  one 
mile  from  its  junction  with  the  Apalachicola  river  (see  map),  on  property  of  Mr. 
Frank  Massina,  of  Apalachicola,  had  been  dug  through  and  through,  previous  to 
our  visit. 

56  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XII. 


442     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


The  mound,  probably,  had  been  about  4  feet  in  height  and  35  feet  across  the 
circular  base,  approximately.  What  was  left  of  the  mound  was  completely  de 
molished  by  us. 

One  human  femur,  badly  decayed,  one  molar  and  some  fragments  of  bone  too 
small  for  identification  were  the  only  signs  of  burial  met  with  by  us  in  the  mound, 
though  fragmentary  human  bones  lay  upon  the  surface. 

There  were  present,  here  and  there  in  the  mound  :  two  arrow-heads  or  knives, 
of  chert ;  two  piercing  implements  of  bone ;  three  columelhv  of  marine  univalves, 
pointed  as  for  use,  found  together ;  two  pebble-hammers  ;  Hakes  of  chert ;  a  trian 
gular  bit  of  chert,  chipped  to  a  cutting  edge  on  one  side ;  a  fragment  of  ferruginous 
sandstone;  mica;  an  oblong  piece  of  silicified  wood,  which  had  seen  use  as  a  hone. 

Owing  to  the  great  amount  of  previous 
digging,  data  as  to  position  of  objects  in  the 
mound  were  hard  to  obtain.  However,  sherds 
and  piles  of  fragments  of  different  vessels, 
placed  together,  were  noted  in  undisturbed 


FIG.  91.— Sherd.     Mound  on  Brickyard  creek 
(Half  sine.) 


FIG.  92. — Earthenware  handle  of  vessel.     Mound  on  Brickyard 
creek.     (Full  size.) 


sand  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  mound,  as  we  had  so  often  found  to  be  the  case  in 
mounds  of  the  northwest  Florida  coast. 

There  were  also  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  mound  nine  vessels  of  inferior  ware, 
some  badly  broken,  all  showing  the  basal  perforation  where  their  condition  allowed 
determination. 

Vessel  No.  2. — In  a  sort  of  pit,  in  the  SE.  margin,  was  an  unassociated  bowl 
of  about  one  quart  capacity,  having  an  incised  scroll-decoration,  with  punctate 
markings,  in  addition. 

Vessel  No.  4. — A  quadrilateral  vessel  undecorated  save  for  an  incised  line 
around  the  rim. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.     443 

Vessel  No.  5. — A  vessel  probably  representing  a  section  of  a  gourd  cut  lon 
gitudinally. 

Vessel  No.  6. — A  bowl  in  fragments,  with  notches  around  the  rim  and  four 
very  rude  animal  heads. 

Vessel  No.  7. — A  vessel  badly  crushed,  having  a  broad  band  of  complicated 
stamp-decoration  around  the  neck. 

Vessel  No.  8. — A  bowl  of  heavy  ware,  badly  broken,  covered  with  crimson 
pigment,  inside  and  out. 

Vessel  No.  9. — A  quadrilateral  vessel  with  rounded  corners  and  convex  base, 
having  for  decoration  beneatli  the  rim  a  broken  line  with  an  incised  line  below  it. 

Among  the  sherds,  the  check-stamp  was  represented  as  was  the  complicated 
stamp,  one  pattern  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig  91. 

Much  ware  bore  incised  and  punctate  decoration  of  familiar  patterns.  There 
were  found  also  a  handle  representing  the  head  of  a  duck  (Fig.  92)  and  a  small 
handle,  a  bird  head  in  profile,  having  a  perforation  in  place  of  eyes. 

MOUND  NEAR  BURGESS  LANDING,  BURGESS  CREEK,  CALHOUN  COUNTY. 

Chipola  river  is  a  tributary  of  the  Apalachicola. 

Burgess  creek  enters  the  Chipola  river  on  the  west  side,  about  eight  miles  up. 
Burgess  landing,  on  the  west  side  of  the  creek,  is  about  one  mile  above  the  junc 
tion  of  the  creek  with  the  river.  The  mound,  on  property  of  Mr.  S.  S.  Alderman, 
of  Wewahitchka,  Florida,  was  about  100  yards  from  the  landing,  in  full  view  from 
the  road. 

The  mound,  much  spread  by  previous  digging  here  and  there,  had  also  a  narrow' 
trench  entirely  through  it  in  an  eastwardly  and  westwardly  direction.  The  height 
of  the  mound  at  the  time  of  our  investigation,  was  4  feet  9  inches ;  its  diameter, 
48  feet.  Trenches  were  run  in  from  all  sides,  a  distance  of  about  3  feet  when  it 
became  evident  that  the  mound  proper,  with  a  diameter  of  42  feet,  had  been  reached. 
The  mound,  of  clayey  sand,  very  tenacious  in  places,  was  entirely  demolished  by 
us,  with  the  exception  of  small  portions  around  several  trees. 

Human  remains  were  not  met  with  until  the  digging  had  advanced  well  into 
the  body  of  the  mound,  when,  at  different  points,  and  especially,  near  the  center, 
fragments  of  single  skulls  and  bits  of  long-bones  were  found.  Once,  fragments  of 
a  skull  lay  with  the  remains  of  one  radius  and  of  one  femur.  In  all,  human  re 
mains  lay  in  twelve  places,  but  so  near  together,  at  times,  that  some  of  these  may 
have  belonged  to  the  same  burial. 

No  artifacts  lay  with  the  bones,  but  scattered  through  the  mound  were  :  two 
small  "  celts  "  of  polished  rock,  at  one  place  and  one  at  another;  four  hones  of  fer 
ruginous  sandstone ;  mica,  in  two  places  ;  a  rude  arrowhead  of  chert. 

All  in  the  eastern  side  of  the  mound,  beginning  a  certain  distance  in  from  the 

J  o  O 

margin,  were  deposits  of  sherds,  often  parts  of  a  number  of  vessels  together,  and 
entire  vessels,  broken  and  whole.  Altogether  about  two  dozen  vessels  were  met 
with,  all  of  inferior  ware,  none  showing  any  novelty  as  to  form  or  decoration.  The 


444     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


majority  were  undecorated,  several  had  a  faint  check-stamp.  The  complicated 
stamp,  faintly  impressed,  was  on  one  sherd  and  on  one  vessel.  Rude,  punctate 
decoration  was  shown  on  two  or  three  vessels,  and  a  somewhat  better  executed  line 
and  punctate  design  was  on  part  of  a  vessel  found  in  three  pieces. 


FIG.  93.— Vessel  No.  5.     Mound  near  Burgess  Landing.     (Three-quarters  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.     445 

Thirteen  or  fourteen  vessels,  mostly  pots,  some  badly  crushed,  lay  in  contact 
one  with  another. 

In  cases  where  the  condition  of  the  vessel  allowed  determination,  the  hole 
knocked  in  the  base  to  "  kill  "  the  pot  was  found  to  be  present. 

But  two  vessels  merit  particular  description. 

Vessel  No.  2. — A  vessel  of  about  three  pints'  capacity,  of  elliptical  section, 
with  a  projection  on  two  opposite  sides,  perhaps  a  conventional  head  and  tail,  un- 
decorated,  save  for  crimson  pigment  on  the  exterior. 

Vessel  No.  5. — This  vessel,  found  in  fragments  and  since  cemented  together, 
with  restoration  of  certain  missing  parts,  including  where  the  tail  should  be,  has 
for  handle  the  head  of  a  wood-duck  (Fig.  93).  Upon  the  vessel  is  a  certain  amount 
of  crimson  pigment.  The  base  has  the  usual  mortuary  mutilation  made  after  the 
baking  of  the  clay. 

MOUND  NEAR  ISABEL  LANDING,  CHIPOLA  RIVER,  CALHOUN  COUNTY. 

This  mound,  about  100  yards  west  of  the  landing,  on  property  of  Mr.  L.  M. 
Ware,  of  St.  Andrews,  Florida,  had  been  literally  honey-combed  by  holes  and 
trenches.  At  the  time  it  was  dug  down  by  us,  with  the  exception  of  parts  around 
certain  trees,  it  had  a  height  of  4  feet  7  inches ;  a  basal  diameter  of  48  feet. 

Though  much  of  the  mound  still  remained  intact,  especially  the  lower  portion, 
human  remains  were  found  by  us  but  twice :  a  single  skull  badly  decayed,  3  feet 
down  in  the  SE.  part  of  the  mound ;  a  few  bones,  probably  disturbed  by  a  former 
trench. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  mound,  near  the  margin,  were  a  few  undecorated 
sherds  and  several  with  the  small  check-stamp.  Farther,  in  the  same  direction, 
here  and  there,  stopping  short  of  the  center,  were  five  or  six  vessels  of  ordinary- 
type  and  inferior  ware,  undecorated,  several  with  parts  missing.  Among  these  was 
a  pot  with  a  complicated  stamp  decoration  consisting  of  squares  made  up  of  parallel 
lines,  a  pattern  found  by  us  on  the  northwest  coast.  This  vessel  had  two  perfora 
tions,  one  on  either  side  of  an  early  fracture,  to  permit  a  cord  or  sinew  to  bind  the 
parts  together. 

All  vessels  in  this  mound,  of  which  sufficient  remained  to  allow  a  determina 
tion,  had  the  mortuary  perforation  knocked  through  after  baking. 

There  were  also  in  the  mound  :  a  sherd  with  the  complicated  stamp  ;  one  with 
rude  punctate  decoration  ;  mica  ;  a  flake  of  chert ;  a  quartz  pebble. 

MOUND  NEAR  CmroLA  CUT-OFF,  CALHOUN  COUNTY. 

The  Apalachicola  and  Chipola  rivers,  some  miles  above  their  junction,  are 
united  by  a  sort  of  canal  which  is  called  the  Chipola  Cut-otf'. 

In  a  swamp,  about  40  yards  from  the  bank,  on  the  northern  side,  near  the 
eastern  end  of  the  cut-off,  was  a  mound  on  property  under  control  of  Mr.  F.  B. 
Bell,  of  Wewahitchka,  Florida.  Between  the  mound  and  the  water  is  a  consider 
able  excavation  whence  the  material  for  the  mound  was  taken. 


446      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


The  mound,  which  had  been  dug  into  in  almost  every  direction,  had,  at  the 
time  of  our  visit,  a  height  of  5  feet  3  inches.  The  base,  circular  in  outline,  was  45 
feet  in  diameter. 

The  mound,  which  was  totally  dug  down  by  us,  was  composed  of  brown  sand 
with  a  certain  admixture  of  clay.  The  sand  in  the  eastern  and  southern  parts  of 
the  mound,  where  most  of  the  pottery  was  found,  was  of  a  deeper  brown  than  else 
where.  Below  the  mound  was  sand  seemingly  undisturbed,  yellow,  rather  coarse, 
without  admixture  of  clay. 

Burials  wrere  noted  at  forty-two  points,  and  were  met  with  marginally,  and 
throughout  the  mound  to  the  center,  the  greater  number  being  in  the  southeastern, 
southern  and  southwestern  parts,  where  the  principal  deposit  of  pottery  was  found, 
though  the  pottery  was  seldom  directly  associated  with  burials. 

The  forms  of  burial  were  similar  to  the  majority  of  those  found  along  the  north 
west  Florida  coast,  consisting  of  the  flexed  skeleton,  the  bunched  burial  and  the 
lone  skull.  The  condition  of  the  bones  was  fragmentary  through  decay,  crania 
being  represented  by  one  calvarium.  Upon  this  no  artificial  flattening  was  ap 
parent. 

With  the  burials  were  a  number  of  artifacts,  including  several  vessels  of 
earthenware,  one  immediately  over  a  skull;  chisels  wrought  from  lips  of  marine 
univalves ;  shell  beads,  large  and  small ;  fifty  small  shells  {Marginella)  perforated 
for  use  as  beads;  many  small,  round  masses  of  hematite,  perhaps  used  in  a  rattle; 
a  number  of  '•  celts "  of  various  rocks ;  two  hones  of  ferruginous  sandstone ;  a 

number  of  small,  sharp  flakes  of  chert,  together ;  one  glass 
bead  from  the  body  of  the  mound ;  several  columella3  of 
marine  univalves,  with  pointed  ends. 

With  Burial  No.  15,  a  bunch,  were  :  two  large  colu- 
melljje,  each  pointed  at  one  end  and  each  having  a  portion 
of  the  shell  remaining  on  the  upper  part,  doubtless  to  serve 
as  a  handle  ;  two  shell  hair-pins;  mussel-shells;  one  stone 
"celt;"  shells  used  as  beads  (Marginella) ;  two  shell 
chisels  made  from  lips  of  marine  univalves ;  two  fine  shell 
gouges  wrought  from  the  body  whorl  of  Fulgur ;  two  bones 
of  a  lower  animal,  probably  ulna>  of  deer,  badly  decayed, 
with  the  proximal  articular  parts  present,  and  the  distal 
ends,  which,  seemingly,  had  been  worked  to  a  point,  miss 
ing  ;  two  tibia;  of  the  deer,  with  both  ends  cut  off,  doubtless 
handles;  a  number  of  fragmentary  implements  of  bone. 
With  these  was  a  fish-hook  of  bone  (Fig.  94),  3.2  inches  in 
length,  having  two  features  not  before  met  with  by  us  in 
our  mound  work.  The  lower  end  has  a  part  of  the  articular 


FIG.  94.— Fish-hook  of  bone. 
Mound  near  Chipola  Cut 
off.  (Full  size.) 


surface  of  the  bone  remaining,  and  the  hook  has  a  well- 


defined   barb. 


Barbed   fish-hooks  of  aboriginal  make  are 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      447 

met  with  infrequently  enough  anywhere,  but  in  the  southern  United  States  this 
barbed  hook  must  be  almost  unique. 

Another  fish-hook,  probably  similar  to  this  one,  came  from  elsewhere  in  the 
mound.  Unfortunately,  the  point  of  the  hook  was  broken  in  removal,  and  the  most 
careful  search  failed  to  recover  it. 

In  Fig.  95  is  shown  an  implement  of  bone,  proba 
bly  a  fish-hook  of  .another  variety,  found  with  the  fish 
hook  first  described. 

Fi<i.  95. -object  of  bone,  probably  fisii-  This  swamp-mound,  under  water  in  times  of  freshet, 

Wfls  somewhat  above  water-level  at  the  period  of  our 
visit.  Burial  No.  19,  consisting  of  a  few  fragments 
of  badly  decayed  bone,  lay  in  a  distinctly  marked  pit,  below  the  base,  where  the 
dark-brown,  clayey  sand  of  that  part  of  the  mound  extended  into  the  coarse, 
yellow  sand  considerably  below  the  water  level.  With  the  bones,  and  extracted 
with  great  difficulty,  owing  to  the  rapid  filling  of  the  pit  with  water,  were  :  two 
vessels  of  earthenware,  one  badly  broken;  a  disc  of  sheet-brass,  about  4.5  inches 
in  diameter,  without  decoration,  having  two  holes  for  suspension,  about  .75  of  an 
inch  apart,  near  the  margin  ;  a  disc  of  sheet-brass,  nearly  8  inches  in  diameter,  also 
undecorated,  having  a  small  hole  in  the  center  for  attachment. 

This  disc,  which  was  somewhat  broken  in  removal,  still  showed  traces  of  fiber 
in  which  it  had  been  wrapped,  as  did  the  other  disc.  Also  with  these  objects  were 
three  glass  beads ;  doubtless  many  others  were  left  at  the  bottom  of  the  pit,  since 
the  removal  of  objects  so  small,  when  one  is  working  at  arm's-length  under  water, 
is  a  difficult  matter. 

Burial  No.  25,  a  few  bones,  lay  also  in  a  pit,  under  water,  below  the  base  of 
the  mound.  With  them  were  shell  beads  and  a  stone  "  celt.'' 

Burial  No.  30,  two  skulls,  had  with  it  a  Fulgur  perversum,  15.2  inches  in 
length,  the  largest  shell  of  this  variety  of  which  we  have  been  able  to  learn. 

With  Burial  No.  32,  bones  which  fell  with  caved  sand,  was  a  circular  ornament 
of  sheet-brass,  4.5  inches  in  diameter,  slightly  concavo-convex,  without  decoration, 
with  a  central  perforation,  somewhat  broken,  bearing  traces  of  fiber,  like  the  others. 

Burial  No.  41,  a  bunch,  lay  in  a  pit  with  Vessels  Nos.  48  and  49. 

Burial  No.  42,  the  skull  of  a  child,  had  with  it  fragments  of  an  undecorated 
disc  of  sheet-brass. 

Unassociated  were  :  three  pebbles  ;  one  sandstone  hone ;  several  flakes  of  chert, 
with  cutting  edge  on  one  side.  There  were  also  many  objects  of  shell,  such  as  we 
have  described  as  present  with  burials.  These  objects,  in  all  probability,  though 
not  found  with  bones,  had  been  with  them  before  disturbance  by  recent  diggers. 

Twenty-four  "celts"  of  various  rocks,  from  2.6  inches  to  9.8  inches  in  length, 
many  with  ends  gracefully  tapering  opposite  the  cutting  edge,  were  present  in  the 
mound,  some  with  burials  as  we  have  stated,  many  alone.  Certain  of  these  lay  in 
the  very  margin  of  the  mound  and  evidently  had  been  placed  there  ceremonially, 
since  burials  were  not  met  with  until  farther  in. 


448       CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 

While  sounding  with  an  iron  rod  in  and  around  the  burial  pits  of  which  we 
have  spoken,  a  member  of  the  party,  with  no  particular  reason,  drove  the  rod 
through  the  bright  yellow  sand  which,  as  we  have  said,  was  seemingly  undisturbed 
and  underlay  the  base  of  the  mound.  Greatly  to  our  surprise,  about  2.5  feet  below 
the  level  uncovered  by  our  men,  which  was  supposed  to  be  the  base  of  the  mound, 
a  solid  object  was  encountered.  After  much  labor,  including  repeated  use  of  a  port 
able  pump,  this  object  was  found  to  be  a  beautiful  chisel  or  hatchet,  of  trap  rock,  9 
inches  long  and  about  3.5  inches  in  maximum  breadth  with  a  maximum  thickness 
of  .8  of  an  inch.  This  implement,  flat  on  one  side,  slightly  convex  on  the  other, 
had  a  well-made  cutting  edge  at  the  broad  end.  With  this  implement  were  two 
ordinary  "celts."  We  are  at  a  loss  to  explain  the  presence  of  these  objects  where 
they  were  found.  We  are  loth  to  believe  in  the  presence  of  burials  beneath  the 
base,  unnoticed  by  us,  as  a  careful  lookout  was  kept  by  the  diggers  who  had  been 
with  us  mostly  for  long  periods,  and  by  those  having  the  work  in  charge.  The 
regular  burial-pits  found  by  us,  as  we  have  said,  were  filled  with  a  material  differ 
ing  from  the  sand  into  which  thej7  extended.  Possibly  this  deposit  was  a  ceremo 
nial  one,  or  a  cache  made  before  the  building  of  the  mound. 

At  the  very  start,  all  around  the  margin,  but  mainly  in  the  S.  and  SE.  parts 
of  the  mound,  sherds  were  met  with,  followed  by  considerable  deposits  of  various 
parts  of  broken  vessels,  in  masses,  in  no  case,  however,  having  a  full  complement 
of  any  one  vessel.  Near  these,  occasionally,  were  single  vessels,  and  later,  num 
bers  of  vessels  together,  extending  in  to  the  center  of  the  mound — in  fact,  the  same 
ceremonial  deposit  of  earthenware  with  which  those  who  have  looked  over  our  re 
ports  of  the  mounds  of  the  northwest  Florida  coast,  must  be  familiar.  In  this  case, 
however,  vessels,  to  a  certain  extent,  were  found  with  burials,  and  the  ceremonial 
deposit,  in  a  certain  degree,  was  met  with  in  parts  of  the  mound  other  than  those 
we  have  named. 

The  ware  from  this  mound  is,  as  a  rule,  inferior,  though  some  is  of  excellent 
quality,  including  certain  bowls  of  black,  polished  ware,  the  specialty  of  Mississippi, 
which  ware  we  had  found  before  no  farther  eastward  than  Choctawhatchee  bay 
(see  outline  map)  where  it  was,  as  in  the  Chipola  mound,  represented  by  a  few  ex 
amples,  perhaps  importations. 

Curiously  enough,  also,  other  ware  from  the  mound,  besides  that  we  have  men 
tioned,  recalls  ware  belonging  to  more  western  districts  in  composition  and  in  finish, 
while  the  decoration,  largely  made  up  of  the  scroll,  resembles  that  described  in  the 
first  part  of  our  report  on  the  mounds  of  the  northwest  Florida  coast,  rather  than 
that  of  the  second  part,  in  which  the  Apalachicola  coast-region  is  included. 

There  fell  to  our  portion  as  gleaners,  after  the  wide-spread,  previous  digging  in 
this  mound,  fifty-one  vessels,  including  whole  vessels,  vessels  with  but  small  parts 
missing,  and  others,  in  fragments,  where  the  full  complement  or  almost  the  comple 
ment  of  the  vessel  is  present. 

We  shall  describe  in  detail  the  most  notable  of  these  vessels.  All.  unless 
otherwise  described,  have  the  usual  basal  mutilation  made  before  the  baking  of 
the  clay. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.       449 

Vessel  No.  0. — A  small  bowl  notched  around  the  margin,  with  incised  and 
punctate  decoration,  as  shown  in  Fig.  96. 

Vessel  No.  7. — A 
bowl  of  about  one  quart 
capacity,  with  incised 
and  punctate  decoration 
on  the  sides  and  base, 
shown  diagrammatically 


FIG.  96.— Vessel  No.  6.    Decoration.    Mound  near  Cliipola  Cut-off.     (Full  size.) 


in  Fig.  97. 


Vessel    No.    8.— A 


small  bowl  of  inferior  ware,  oval  in  section,  with  a  rudely  executed  bird-head  on 
one  side  and  a  rudimentary,  conventional  tail  on  the  other  (Fig.  98).  The  decora 
tion,  incised  and  punctate,  representing  wings  in  part,  is  shown  diagrammatically 
in  Fig.  99,  where  it  has  been  found  impossible  to  follow  an  exact  scale,  owing  to 
the  curvature  of  the  base. 

Vessel  No.  10. — A  five-pointed  dish  of  yellow  ware,  with  incised  and  punctate 
decoration  (Fig.  100). 


FIG.  97.— Vessel  No.  7.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Half  size.) 
57  JOUEN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XII. 


450      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


1 1  )  /^-£is«3J^H 


FIG.  98.— Vessel  No.  8.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Full  size.) 


.    FIG.  99. — Vessel  No.  8.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Not  exactly  on  scale.) 

Vessel  No.  12. — A  bowl  of  about  four  quarts'  capacity,  with  notches  around 
the  margin,  having  an  incised  and  punctate  design  six  times  repeated  (Fig.  101). 

Vessel  No.  13. — Has  for  decoration  upright,  parallel  lines  between  two  encirc 
ling,  parallel  lines. 

Vessel  No.  14. — A  bowl  of  about  five  pints'  capacity,  of  inferior  ware,  having  a 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      451 


FIG.  100.— Vessel  No.  10.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Half  size.) 


Trr^— ~i__ 

— — ^rf 


FIG.  101.— Vessel  No.  12.     Moand  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (About  three-quarters  size.) 


452     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 

scalloped  margin.  On  the  seven  apices  of  the  scallops  have  been  an  equal  number 
of  small,  rude  animal-heads,  all  but  one  of  which  are  missing. 

Vessel  No.  15. — A  vase  of  yellow  ware  (Fig.  102),  with  incised  and  punctate 
decoration  shown  in  diagram  (Fig.  103). 

Vessel  No.  16. — A  dipper  representing  a  section  of  a  gourd.  There  is  rude, 
incised  decoration  in  which  the  scroll  fismres 

o 

Vessel  No.  20. — This  interesting,  mortuary  vessel,  13.25  inches  in  height,  8.75 
inches  in  maximum  diameter  (Fig.  104),  with  upright  bird-head  handle,  was  not 
represented  in  the  mound  by  its  full  complement  of  parts.  Such  portions  as  were 
missing  have  been  restored,  but  in  no  case  has  any  opening  been  introduced,  unless 


I    I 

' 


FIG.  102.— Vessel  No.  15.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (About  five-sixths  size.) 


i'lQ.  103.— Vessel  No.  15.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Half  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.     453 

its  former  presence  was  clearly  indicated  by  marginal  parts.  Nearly  the  entire 
base  has  been  broken  out. 

Vessel  No.  21. — A  water  bottle  of  coarse  ware,  with  uniform  incised  and  punc 
tate  decoration,  in  which  the  partly  interlocked  scroll  is  prominent  (Fig.  100). 

Vessel  No.  22. — A  handsome  dipper,  modelled  after  a  section  of  a  gourd,  of 


FIG.  104.— Vessel  No.  20.     Mound  uear  t'hipola  Cut-off.     (Half  size.) 


454      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


FIG.  105. — Vessel  No.  21.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-on".     (About  four-fifths  size. 


FIG.  106. — Vessel  No.  22.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Five-sixths  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      455 

o 


Flu.  107. — Vessel  No.  22.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Cliipola  Cut-off.     (Not  exactly  on  scale.) 


Fl(i.  108.— Vessel  No.  24.     Mound  near  Cliipola  Cut-off.     (About  two-fifths  size.) 


456       CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 

c 

black,  polished  ware,  recalling  that  of  Mississippi  (Fig.  106),  with  the  entirfe  body 
and  base  covered  with  incised  decoration  in  which  the  scroll  is  prominent,  shown 
diagrammatically  in  Fig.  107.  At  the  end  of  the  handle  is  a  small  hole  for  sus 
pension.  The  basal  perforation  is  absent. 

Vessel  No.  24. — A  bowl  7.5  inches  high  and  12.8  inches  in  maximum  diameter, 
with  a  uniform  decoration  (Fig.  108). 


FIG.  109. — Vessel  No.  26.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Four-sevenths  size.) 

Vessel  No.  26. — This  vessel,  of  heavy  but  coarse  ware  (Fig.  109),  notched 
around  the  rim,  has  for  decoration  incised  crosses  on  two  opposite  sides  and  incised, 
partly  interlocked  scrolls  on  the  other  two.  Other  decoration,  seemingly  punctate, 
proves,  on  examination,  to  have  been  done  with  a  stamp.  One-half  the  decoration, 
almost  a  repetition  of  the  other  half,  is  shown  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  110. 

Vessel  No.  28. — A  compartment  vessel  originally  consisting  of  a  square  com- 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      407 


Fio.  110. — Vessel  No.  26.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Chipolu  Cut-off.     (Ilalf  size.) 


FIG.  111.  —  Vessel  No.  28.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (About  three-fourths  size.) 

partment  with  round  ones  on  three  sides.  One 
of  these,  missing  when  the  vessel  was  found, 
has  been  restored  (Fig.  111). 

Vessel  No.  29.  —  This  diminutive,  imperfor- 
ate  vessel,  with  semi-globular  body  and  upright 
neck  slightly  expanding,  having  small  holes  on 
opposite  sides  for  suspension,  is  but  2.2  inches 
in  height  (Fig.  112).  The  incised  decoration, 
shown  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  113,  evidently 
represents  two  eyes  and  a  nose  on  one  side  and 
probably  hair  on  the  other.  The  decoration 
around  the  neck  of  the  vessel  is  not  so  readily 
determined. 

Vessel  No.  32.  —  An  imperforate  vessel  of 
"e!U'Chil'°'a  about  two  quarts'  capacity,  notched  around  the 

58  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PH1LA.,  VOL.  XII. 


~V 


458      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


FIG.  113.— Vessel  No.  29.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Full  size.) 


FIG   114. — Vessel  No.  32.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (About  three-fourths  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      459 

rim,  which  has,  in  addition,  four  upright  protuberances,  probably  rudimentary 
animal  heads  (Fig.  114). 

Vessel  Noi  33. — This  vessel  has  notches  around  the  rim  and  an  incised  decora 
tion  of  animal  paws  and  partly  interlocked  scrolls  below  (Fig.  115). 

Vessel  No.  34. — A  bowl  with  incised  decoration  shown  in  Fig.  116. 

Vessel  No.  35. — This  vessel,  with  rather  rudely  incised  decoration,  is  shown  in 
Fig.  117. 

Vessel  No.  30. — An  imperforate  bowl  of  polished,  black  ware,  with  a  small 
bird-head  at  one  side  and  the  conventional  tail  at  the  other  (Fig.  118).  The  incised 
decoration  is  shown  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  119. 

Vessel  No.  37. — A  broad-mouthed,  imperforate  water-bottle  of  dark  ware  seem- 


FIG.  115.— Vessel  No.  33.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (About  five-sixths  size.) 


460      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


Fi«.  116.— Vessel  No.  34.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (About  two-thirds  size.) 


- 


FIG.  117. — Vessel  No.  35.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (About  two-thirds  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      401 


FIG.  118.— Vessel  No.  36.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  119. — Vessel  No.  30.     Decoration.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Not  exactly  on  scale.) 


462      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 

ingly  tempered  with  pounded  shell,  in  every  way  resembling  a  type  found  much 
farther  to  the  westward. 

Vessel  No.  38. — A  vessel  of  heavy  ware,  lenticular  in  section,  undecorated  save 
for  one  encircling,  incised  line  below  the  rim. 

Vessel  No.  41. — A  pot  with  complicated  stamp-decoration  (Fig.  120). 

Vessel  No.  42. — A  small  bowl  with  a  complicated  stamp  faintly  impressed. 

Vessel  No.  47. — Ajar  with  a  complicated  stamp-decoration  around  the  neck. 

Vessel  No.  49. — A  vessel  with  incised  decoration  of  a  pattern  frequently 
encountered  in  this  mound  (Fig.  121). 


FIG.  120. — Vessel  No.  41.     Mound  near  Cbipola  Cut-off.     (Five-sixths  size.) 

Among  the  masses  of  fragments  in  the  margin  of  the  mound  were  many  large 
portions  of  bowls,  four  of  which  are  shown  in  Figs.  122,  123,  124,  125. 

In  Fig.  126  is  shown  part  of  a  bowl  with  the  head  of  a  fish  in  profile. 

In  Fig.  127  is  shown  a  part  of  a  vessel  with  the  neck  divided  into  two  parts 
before  joining  the  body,  a  type  not  met  with  by  us  before  in  Florida,  but  well-known 
elsewhere,  including  Missouri,  Tennessee  and  Peru. 

Many  loop-shaped  handles  were  present  in  the  mound  and  a  considerable  num 
ber  of  handles  representing  heads  of  quadrupeds  and  of  birds.  A  selection  of  these 
is  shown  in  Fig.  128. 

Three  stopper-shaped  objects  of  earthenware  came  from  this  mound,  one  with  a 
central  depression  in  the  top,  and  an  encircling  line  of  impressions  made  by  a  tri 
angular  point,  around  the  margin  (Fig.  129). 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACIIICOLA  RIVER.      463 


FIG.  121.— Vessel  No.  49.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Five-sixths  size.) 


FIG.  122.— Sherd.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Half  size.) 


464     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


FIG.  123.— Sherd.      Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.       (Half  size.) 


FIG.  125.— Sherd.     Mound  uear  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Half  size.) 


Fin.  124.— Sherd.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off. 
(One-third  size.) 


FIG.  126.— Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Full  size.) 


FIG.  127.— Sherd.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Full  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACIIICOLA  RIVER       465 


FIG.  123.— Handles  of  earthenware  vessels.     Mound  near  Chipola  Cut-off.     (Full  size.) 
59  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XII. 


466      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


FIG.  129. — Stopper-shaped  object  of  earthenware. 
near  Cliipola  Cut-off.     (Full  size.) 


Mound 


This  mound  was  distinctly  a  post-Columbian  one.  Glass  came  from  below  the 
base,  and  brass  was  met  with  in  it  in  three  different  places.  Presumably,  previous 
diggers  had  removed  other  objects  of  European  provenance.  The  reader  is  urged 

to  contrast  this  mound  with  that  near 
the  great  shell-heap  on  Crystal  river, 
described  in  the  paper  preceding  this, 
where,  among  hundreds  of  objects,  noth 
ing  indicating  a  European  origin  was 
found.  In  that  mound  the  copper  found 
was  native  copper,  which,  by  analysis, 
can  readily  be  distinguished  from  the 
impure  results  of  the  smelting  processes 
formerly  in  vogue  in  Europe,  by  which 
copper  was  recovered  from  arsenical,  sul 
phide  ores.  Much  of  the  so-called  sheet- 
copper  traded  with  aborigines  by  Euro 
peans  is  in  reality  brass.  If  any  re 
pousse  or  open-work  designs,  such  as  are 
found  on  native  copper  in  many  of  the 
larger  mounds  which  contain  no  objects 
admittedly  of  European  provenance,  have 
been  found  on  either  sheet-brass  or  on  sheet-copper  of  the  impure  kind  furnished 
by  Europeans,  it  has  eluded  our  most  careful  inquiries. 

MOUND    NEAR    ESTIFFANULGA,    APALACHICOLA    RlVEK,    LIBERTY    COUNTY. 

This  mound,  in  pine  woods,  about  one  mile  in  a  NE.  direction  from  EstifFa- 
nulga,  on  property  of  Hon.  Thomas  Johnson,  resident  near  that  place,  had  been 
dug  into  in  but  a  very  superficial  way  prior  to  our  visit.  Its  height  was  3  feet;  its 
basal  diameter,  38  feet.  The  mound,  composed  of  yellow,  clayey  sand,  was  totally 
demolished  by  us,  with  the  exception  of  small  portions  around  certain  trees. 

Human  remains  were  met  with  but  once,  4  feet  down,  in  the  center  of  the 
mound,  in  white  sand  with  intermingling  of  bits  of  charcoal.  The  burial  consisted 
of  decaying  remnants  of  a  lower  jaw,  two  femurs,  one  tibia. 

In  the  southwestern  slope  was  a  rather  graceful,  spheroidal  vessel  of  fairly 
good  ware,  undecorated,  with  a  thickening  of  rim  which  projects  slightly  outward. 
The  usual  basal  perforation  is  present. 

In  the  eastern  margin  was  a  bowl  with  perforate  base,  bearing  a  small  check- 
stamp. 

There  were  several  fragments  of  undecorated  vessels  and  undecorated  vessels 
in  fragments,  about  the  mound,  also  one  sherd  with  a  complicated  stamp- decoration. 

Separately,  here  and  there  in  the  mound,  were  three  graceful  "  celts  "  of  various 
rocks,  and  another  "celt"  which,  seemingly,  had  been  used  to  smooth  or  to  polish 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      467 

with,  as  a  surface  about  .75  of  an  inch  in  breadth  was  present  where  the  cutting 
edge  had  teen. 

There  were  also  in  the  mound  three  arrowheads  or  knives,  of  chert,  one  some 
what  broken,  and  one  large,  round  pebble. 

MOUND  NEAR  BLOUNTSTOWN,  APALACHICOLA  RIVKH,  CALHOUN  COUNTY. 

About  one  mile  in  a  NE.  direction  from  Blountstown  Landing,  a  short  distance 
in  from  the  river,  is  a  mound  whose  southeastern  side,  facing  the  water,  is  on  the 
edge  of  a  terrace  along  which  the  river  runs  in  time  of  flood  (see  plan,  Fig.  130). 
Much  of  this  side  of  the  mound  has  been  eaten  away  by  freshets,  leaving  it  almost 
perpendicular. 

The  mound,  on  property  of  Mr.  George  W.  I.  Landau,  of  Patterson,  N.  J., 
does  not  owe  its  irregularity  of  shape  entirely  to  the  action  of  the  river.  The  sum 
mit  plateau  slopes  gently  down  from  the  side  bordering  the  water,  and  has  a  maxi 
mum  height  of  19.5  feet,  or  2  feet  more  than  the  opposite  side.  On  the  plateau  are 
the  remains  of  a  live-oak,  part  of  which  has  fallen  through  decay.  The  upright 
portion,  5  feet  from  the  ground,  is  16  feet  in  circumference. 

On  the  side  farthest  from  the  water  is  a  small,  graded  way  reaching  from  the 
level  ground  to  the  summit  plateau. 


FIG.  130. — Plan  of  mound  uear  Blountstown. 


468      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER, 

When  our  representative  located  this  mound,  previous  to  our  visit,  through 
some  error  the  name  of  the  rightful  owner  was  not  obtained,  and,  at  tte  time  of 
our  visit,  on  account  of  the  owner,  in  his  absence,  having  a  watchful  representative 
on  the  spot,  we  were  unable  to  investigate.  Full  permission  to  dig  reached  us  after 
our  departure.  However,  the  mound  was  doubtless  domiciliary,  as  indicated  by  its 
shape  and  by  the  section  laid  bare  by  the  river,  which  showed  neither  bone  nor 
artifact. 

MOUND  IN  DAVIS'  FIELD,  APALACHICOLA  RIVKR,  CALHOUN  COUNTY. 

About  one  mile  in  a  northeasterly  direction  from  Blountstown  is  Davis'  Field, 
long  under  cultivation  in  time  gone  by,  but  now  covered  with  a  sprinkling  of  pine 
and  other  trees,  on  property  of  Hon.  F.  M.  Yon,  of  Blountstown. 

The  mound,  which  had  been  much  ploughed  over  and  considerably  spread,  bore 
trace  of  but  little  previous  digging.  Its  height  was  4.5  feet;  its  basal  diameter, 
considerable  of  which,  however,  was  due  to  former  cultivation,  was  70  feet. 

Fourteen  trenches  were  dug  inward  by  us  from  the  margin  of  the  mound,  as 
found  by  us,  until  the  original  margin,  presumably,  was  reached,  when  what  re 
mained  of  the  mound,  with  a  diameter  of  about  50  feet,  was  completely  dug  down, 
with  the  exception  of  small  parts  around  several  large  pine  trees. 

The  mound,  circular  in  outline,  was  made  of  clay  having  a  small  admixture  of 
sand,  with  here  and  there,  small  layers  and  pockets  where  clayey  sand  predomi 
nated.  Throughout,  at  various  points,  were  more  or  less  charcoal  and  several  fire 
places  of  considerable  size.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  mound,  extending  inward 
ten  feet  along  the  base,  with  a  maximum  width  of  G  feet  and  a  maximum  height  of 
3  feet,  was  a  mass  of  fire-hardened  clay,  red  from  the  effect  of  heat.  Curiously 
enough,  while,  here  and  there,  a  bit  of  charcoal  lay  near  this  mass,  the  amount 
present  seemed  disproportionately  small  considering  the  extent  and  duration  of  fire 
necessary  to  produce  such  an  effect. 

The  burials  in  this  mound,  which  were  hardly  of  more  consistency  than  would 
be  damp  sawdust  compressed,  were  met  with  in  twenty-six  places.  Many  of  these 
were  found  on  or  near  a  central  space  showing  marks  of  fire,  and  probably  be 
longed  to  a  general  interment  made  at  the  same  time.  We  shall  refer  to  this  mat 
ter,  later. 

The  first  burial,  a  few  small  bits  of  bone,  was  met  with  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  mound  at  what  probably  was  the  original  margin.  This  burial  lay  near  a  de 
posit  of  earthenware  but  may  have  had  no  connection  with  it. 

The  next  burial,  fragments  of  a  femur,  lay  in  the  NW.  part  of  the  mound, 
much  farther  in  than  the  first  burial.  After  this,  burials  consisting  of  the  bunch, 
single  skulls,  fragments  of  long-bones,  etc.,  continued  to  be  met  with  until  well  in 
toward  the  center  of  the  mound,  after  which  flexed  skeletons  alone  were  found,  be 
ginning  with  Burial  No.  15.  Several  lay  in  shallow  pits  below  the  base  of  the 
mound. 

With  no  burial  was  an  artifact  immediately  associated,  with  the  exception  of  a 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      469 


shell  drinking-cup  found  with  the  skeleton  of  a  child.  Certain  sheets  of  mica,  one 
with  a  small  circular  hole  in  the  center,  were  found  near  earthenware  vessels,  and 
were  probably  put  into  the  mound  ceremonially,  as  were  the  vessels. 

Toward  the  center  of  the  mound,  somewhat  above  the  base,  was  an  area  per 
haps  about  twelve  feet  square,  consisting  of  masses  of  charcoal,  over  and  under 
burials,  and  in  one  place  bark  seemingly  with  no  mark  of  fire,  two  thicknesses  in 
one  place,  three,  in  another.  This  layer  of  bark,  40  inches  long  and  about  2  feet 
wide,  had  at  one  end,  at  right  angles  to  it,  the  remains  of  a  log  about  C  inches  in 
diameter  and  about  3  feet  in  length.  Both  bark  and  log  were  little  more  than  dust. 
This  bark  layer  lay  above  a  skeleton.  The  burials  under  charcoal  and  under  bark 
were  not  contiguous,  but  being  on  the  same  plane  and  near  each  other,  it  is  prob 
able  this  area,  with  its  Hexed  burials,  was  created  at  one  time  and  served  as  a 
nucleus  for  the  mound. 


-Xv  • 


FIG.  131. — Vessel  No.  1.     Mound  in  Davis'  Field.     (About  three-quarters  size.) 


470      CERTAIN 


ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS, 


APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


Vessel  No.  1. — Almost  due  east,  probably  where  the  original  margin  of  the 
mound  was,  lay  a  vessel  in  fragments,  with  traces  of  red  pigment,  inside  and  out, 
and  a  space  where  a  bird-head  handle  had  been  (Fig.  131).  In  the  base  is  a  circu 
lar  hole  made  before  the  baking  of  the  clay  and,  in  the  body  of  the  vessel,  are  open- 


FIG.  132. — Vessel  No.  1.     Decoration.     Mound  in  Davis' Field.     (Half  size.) 

ings  made  at  the  same  time.  In  Fig.  132  is  shown  diagram rnatically  the  incised 
and  punctate  decoration  on  the  wings  and  on  the  tail,  that  on  each  wing  to  the  left, 
on  the  tail  to  the  right.  Here  we  have  a  ceremonial  vessel  such  as  was  frequently 

met  with  by  us  along  the  northwest  coast  of 
Florida  between  St.  Andrew's  bay  and  the 
Warrior  river  (see  outline  map) . 

Vessel  No.  2. — Near  Vessel  No.  1  lay  a 
mass  of  fragments,  a  mixture  of  sherds  and 
parts  of  vessels,  also  several  undecorated  vessels 
badly  crushed.  Several  feet  on  either  side  of 
this  deposit  were  parts  of  vessels  or  possibly 
whole  ones  which  had  been  broken  and  scat 
tered.  Certain  fragments  from  this  material, 
cemented  together,  with  slight  restoration  at 
places,  are  shown  in  Fig.  133.  With  these  frag 
ments  was  a  small,  earthenware  head  of  an  owl 
which,  like  the  vessel,  which  is  colored  with  red 
pigment  inside  and  out,  bore  traces  of  crimson 
paint.  We  have  tried  in  vain  to  find  a  connec 
tion  between  the  head  and  the  vessel.  This 
vessel  belongs  strictly  to  the  ceremonial  class, 
'  having  body  perforations  and  a  basal  hole, 

FIG.  133.— Vessel  No.  2.     Mound  in  Davis' Field.       made    before    the    clay    Was    "fired." 

(One-third  size.)  * 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      471 

Vessel  No.  3. — This  vessel,  of  graceful  form,  hut  of  inferior  ware,  as  are  practi 
cally  all  vessels  in  Florida,  especially  made  for  interment  with  the  dead,  is  a  bird- 
effigy  of  the  ceremonial  class,  with  a  perforation  in  the  base  and  others  in  the  body, 
all  made  before  the  baking  of  the  clay  (Fig.  134).  In  the  body  of  the  bird,  but  not 
shown  in  the  figure,  is  a  triangular  hole  above  the  tail  and  a  small  circular  one  below 


FIG.  134.— Vessel  Xo.  3.     Mound  in  Davis'  Field.     (About  lialf  size.) 


472     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


tine 


Scale  infect 
'  2  '  i 


FIG.  135.— Section  of  ceremonial  mound.     Mound  in  Davis'  Field. 


FIG.  138.— Vessel  No.  15.     Mound  in  D.ivis'  Field 
(About  half  size.) 


it.  This  vessel,  found  in  fragments, 
has  been  cemented  together.  The 
bill,  unfortunately,  is  missing.  An 
incised  decoration  on  the  body  of  the 
bird  has  become  faint  through  the  infe 
riority  of  the  ware. 

Seven  feet  farther  in,  in  the  same 
direction,  was  a  most  interesting  cere 
monial  deposit.  A  pit  6  inches  in 
depth  and  3  feet  6  inches  in  diameter 
had  been  dug  below  the  base  of  the 
mound.  On  the  bottom  of  this  pit  lay 
charcoal  where,  evidently,  a  fire  had 
been.  Rising  above  this  pit  1.5  feet 
from  its  base  was  a  mound  composed 
of  clay  blackened  with  fragments  of 
charcoal.  This  mound  was  much 
spread  at  its  base,  where  it  was  7  feet 
in  diameter  (see  section,  Fig.  135). 
The  main  body  of  the  mound  rose 
from  the  center  of  the  basal  portion. 
From  the  top  of  this  mound  of  black 
ened  clay  to  the  surface  of  the  mound 
proper  was  3  feet  6  inches.  On  the 
apex  of  this  small,  ceremonial  mound 
were  three  vessels,  two  being  visible 
when  the  mound  was  come  upon  from 
the  eastward,  as  is  shown  in  the  sec 
tion.  These  vessels,  which  fell  into 
fragments  when  removed,  Avere  bowls 
with  thickened  rims,  covered  with 
crimson  pigment,  inside  and  out.  One 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      473 

had,  for  a  handle,  a  rude  representation  of  a  head  of  a  quadruped ;  another,  a  place 
where  a  head  of  some  sort  had  been.  One  had  had  a  hole  knocked  through  the 
base;  the  others  were  too  fragmentary  to  allow  determination. 

One  of  these  vessels,  in  addition  to  the  crimson  pigment  of  which  we  have 
spoken,  bore  a  complicated  stamp-decoration,  the  first  example  of  this  combination 
in  all  our  mound  work,  we  believe. 

On  the  sides  of  the  small,  ceremonial  mound  were  large  fragments  of  earthen 
ware  and  two  shell  drinking-cups,  badly  broken. 

Considerably  nearer  the  center,  but  in  the  same  line  with  the  rest  of  the  earth 
enware,  were  twelve  jars,  pots  and  bowls,  all  of  ordinary  type  and  all  showing  the 
basal  perforation,  when  not  too  badly  broken.  Some  were  undecorated  ;  some  had 
bands  of  complicated  stamp-decoration  ;  one  or  two  were  covered  with  it.  All  but 
two  were  badly  broken,  some  being  crushed  into  minute  fragments. 

One  vessel  (No.  15),  of  eccentric  form  (Fig.  136),  originally  covered  with  red 
pigment,  inside  and  out,  had  about  one-third,  which  included  almost  the  entire 
upper  portion,  missing.  Certain  fragments  from  this  portion  served  as  a  sure  indi 
cation  for  restoration.  The  usual  hole  knocked  through  the  base  is  present. 

With  the  exception  of  the  mortuary  deposit  running  in  from  the  eastern  part 
of  the  mound,  not  a  sherd  was  met  with,  to  our  knowledge,  in  the  entire  mound. 

YON  MOUND,  APALACHICOLA  RIVKK.  LIBERTY  COUNTY. 

This  fine  mound,  about  two  miles  below  Bristol,  in  full  view  from  the  river,  on 
property  belonging  to  Hon.  F.  M.  Yon.  of  Blountstown,  Florida,  is  square  in  out 
line,  with  rounded  corners  at  the  present  time.  The  basal  diameter  of  the  mound  is 
157  feet.  The  height  depends  much  upon  the  side  from  which  the  mound  is  exam 
ined,  as  the  surrounding  country  is  irregular,  probably  29  feet  ma}-  be  considered 
the  most  accurate  measurement.  There  is  no  graded  way  and  the  slope  of  the  sides 
is  steep,  as  the  mound,  of  hard  clay,  seems  to  have  washed  but  little  since  its  mak 
ing.  Two  determinations,  not  especially  selected,  gave  angles  of  ascent  of  38 
degrees  and  43  degrees,  respectively.  The  diameter  of  the  summit  plateau  is 
68  feet. 

This  mound  gave  every  evidence  of  being  domiciliary  but.  as  we  have  some 
times  found  burials  in  the  summit  plateaux  of  domiciliary  mounds,1  many  trenches 
were  dug  in  the  plateau  of  the  Yon  mound,  resulting  in  the  discovery  of  one  small 
bunch  of  human  remains,  some  fragments  showing  marks  of  fire. 

MOUND  BELOW  BRISTOL.  APALACHICOLA  RIVER,  LIBERTY  COUNTY. 

This  mound,  in  an  old  field,  about  one  mile  in  a  WSW.  direction  from  Bristol, 
on  property  belonging  to  Mr.  Robert  Shuler,  of  that  place,  was  of  sand,  circular  in 
outline,  with  a  basal  diameter  of  50  feet.  Its  height  was  3  feet  5  inches.  No  pre 
vious  digging  was  noticeable  in  this  mound. 

1  For  example:  the  Shields'  mound,  near  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's  river,  Florida;  the  mound 
at  Matthews'  Landing,  Alabama  river;  the  nrjuiul  on  Perdido  bay  and  the  one  on  Santa  Rosa  sound, 
Florida. 

60  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XII. 


474     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 

Fifteen  trenches  dug  in  from  beyond  the  apparent  margin  indicated  the  advisa 
bility  of  joining  these  trenches  to  include  an  area  of  50  feet  in  diameter  E.  and  W. 
and  46  feet  N.  and  S.  This  portion  of  the  mound  was  completely  demolished  by 
us.  with  the  exception  of  certain  parts  around  three  trees  of  considerable  size. 

Almost  at  the  western  margin  of  the  mound,  in  a  pit  below  the  base,  were  a 
fragment  of  a  cannon  bone  of  a  deer  and  an  earthenware  smoking-pipe  of  ordinary 
shape.  With  these  were  three  gouges  wrought  from  the  body  whorl  of  Fulgur. 
No  human  remains  lay  with  these  relics,  though,  no  doubt,  a  burial  had  been  there. 
In  the  entire  mound  human  remains  were  found  but  once  and  were  represented  by 
a  fragment  of  cranium,  which  lay  with  a  bit  of  deer  bone  in  what  seemed  to  be  the 
run-way  of  a  small  rodent. 

Unassociated  in  the  mound  were  :  a  rude  arrowhead  or  knife,  of  chert ;  one 
pebble ;  a  pitted  stone  about  6  inches  square. 

Almost  at  the  outset,  several  sherds  having  the  small  check-stamp  were  met 
with  in  the  SE.  part  of  the  mound.  Soon  after,  three  vessels  were  found,  and  about 
3  feet  farther  south,  on  line  writh  the  others,  twenty-one  vessels  were  grouped 
together.  Near  these,  a  little  farther  in,  were  four  additional  vessels.  After  these, 
still  continuing  toward  the  center,  the  area  of  deposit,  widening  by  a  few  feet, 
yielded  eighteen  vessels,  singly  and  in  pairs,  until  the  central  part  of  the  mound 
was  reached,  making  forty-six  in  all.  With  these  was  one  shell  drinking-cup. 
There  were  no  masses  of  sherds  such  as  are  usually  found  in  ceremonial  deposits  of 
this  sort. 

Never  has  it  been  our  fortune  to  open  a  mound  where  a  number  of  vessels  pre 
sented  so  low  an  average  of  excellence.  The  ware  was  of  the  poorest  quality.  In 
form,  the  vessels,  mostly  pots,  offered  not  a  single  departure  from  ordinary  varie 
ties.  Incised  decoration  was  unrepresented,  the  sole  ornamentation  being  notches 
and  scallops,  and  faint  and  carelessly-applied  complicated  stamps  on  three  or  four 
vessels  and  on  one  sherd.  Not  a  vessel  was  recovered  whole,  though  the  sand  was 
comparatively  dry  and  almost  free  from  roots,  where  the  vessels  were.  Some  were 
crushed  through  inferiority  of  ware,  others  had  been  put  into  the  mound  with  por 
tions  missing.  All,  where  determination  was  possible,  showed  the  basal  perforation 
made  after  baking. 

MOUND  AT  BRISTOL,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER,  LIBERTY  COUNTY. 

This  mound,  in  woods,  about  300  yards  in  a  NW.  direction  from  the  town  of 
Bristol,  on  property  of  Mr.  J.  E.  Roberts,  of  that  place,  was  on  the  slope  of  a  ridge 
of  sand.  The  mound  rose  about  2.5  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ridge  and  extend 
ing  down  the  slope,  gained  several  additional  feet  in  depth.  The  mound,  which  was 
of  sand  and  circular  in  outline,  had  a  basal  diameter  of  56  feet.  A  trench,  10  feet 
across,  dug  prior  to  our  visit,  extended  from  the  NE.  margin  30  feet  into  the  mound. 
Trenches  beginning  in  the  level  ground  were  dug  into  the  mound  from  all  sides  a 
distance  of  3  feet,  when,  it  having  become  apparent  that  the  original  mound  had 
been  reached,  the  trenches  were  joined  and  the  remainder  of  the  mound,  with  a 
diameter  of  50  feet,  was  entirely  dug  down. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      475 

Fourteen  burials  were  met  with  by  us,  the  majority  deep  in  the  mound,  one 
bL'ing  5  feet  4  inches  from  the  surface.  These  burials  lay  throughout  the  mound, 
and  were  characterized  by  the  paucity  of  bones  constituting  a  burial,  the  upper  half 
of  a  skeleton  being  the  largest  interment  met  with.  Ten  burials  consisted  of  single 
skulls  or  skulls  associated  with  a  few  minor  bones.  Other  burials  were  :  the  upper 
half  of  a  skeleton  ;  part  of  a  thigh  bone;  two  skulls  with  a  tibia  and  a  femur;  a 
femur  and  a  tibia. 

Burials  Nos.  1  and  2,  a  skull  with  cervical  vertebra;  and  clavicle,  and  the  upper 
half  of  a  body,  respectively,  each  had  neatly  rounded  shell  beads  of  moderate  size, 
at  the  neck.  These  were  the  only  artifacts  present  with  burials.  Unassociated,  4 
feet  down,  was  a  small,  waterworn  boulder  about  8  inches  long  by  9  inches  wide, 
shaped  somewhat  like  a  "  celt,"  which,  possibly,  had  seen  service  as  a  maul.  A 
sheet  of  mica,  rudely  given  the  shape  of  a  spearpoint,  fell  in  caved  sand. 

Almost  due  east,  beginning 
about  3  feet  from  the  margin  of 
the  mound,  a  point  probably 
marking  the  original  margin, 
was  the  usual  deposit  of  earth 
enware,  which  continued  in  to 
the  center,  extending  but  little 
to  either  side.  The  deposit  be 
gan  with  a  considerable  number 
of  sherds  and  fragments  of  large 
vessels,  also  complete  vessels  in 
fragments,  nearly  all  bearing 
the  small  check-stamp.  Farther 
in,  this  decoration  was  entirely 
supplanted  by  other  varieties. 
Here  and  there,  throughout  the 
earthenware  deposit,  were  shell 
drinking-cups  in  fragments. 

Seventeen  vessels  were  no 
ted  by  us  as  complete  or  nearly 
so,  with  the  exception  of  the 
basal  perforation.  Many  of  the 
vessels,  broken  and  scattered 
throughout  the  mound,  a  cus 
tom  which  was  widely  practised 
along  the  northwest  Florida 
coast,  have  not  been  included 
in  our  list.  These  vessels,  how 
ever,  presented  no  feature  of 

FIG.  137.— Vessel  No.  1.     Mouud  at  Bristol.     (About  three-fifths  size.)          particular  interest. 


476      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


FIG.  138.— Vessel  No.  2.     Mound  at  Bristol.     (Half  size.) 


FIG.  139.— Vessel  Xo.  3.     Mound  at  Bristol.     (Half  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      477 

We  shall  now  describe  in  detail  the  most  interesting  vessels  from  this  mound. 

Vessel  No.  1. — Has  a  semiglobular  body  with  a  long,  upright  neck,  first  con 
tracting,  then  flaring.  The  decoration  is  the  small  check-stamp.  A  hole  has  been 
knocked  through  the  base  (Fig.  137). 

Vessel  No.  2. — A  bowl  of  excellent  ware,  11.25  inches  in  diameter,  7  inches 


FIG.  140. — Vessel  Xo.  8.     Mound  at  Bristol.     (About  four-fifths  size.) 


478      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER, 


Fio.  141.— Vessel  No.  10.     Mound  at  Bristol.     (About  three-fifths  size.) 

high,  in  fragments  when  found,  has  been  cemented  together,  with  a  certain  amount 
of  restoration  (Fig.  138).  Below  the  rim  is  a  series  of  designs,  probably  represent 
ing  the  eye. 

Vessel  No.  3. — An  urn  of 
graceful  outline,  bearing  a  small 
check-stamp,  found  in  bits  and 
since  put  together,  with  slight 
restoration  (Fig.  139).  Two  holes 
below  the  rim  show  where  a  former 
fracture  has  been  held  together 
by  the  aid  of  a  cord  or  sinew. 
There  is  the  usual  hole  broken 

through  the  base.  FIG.  US.— Vessel  No.  IS.    Mound  at  Bristol.     (Half  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      479 

Vessel  No.  G. — This  vessel,  found  in  fragments,  hud  ;i  rude  decoration  below 
the  neck  made  up  of  diagonal  lines. 

Vessel  No.  8. — An  interesting  ceremonial  vessel  having  red  pigment  inside  and 
out,  and  for  handle  a  head  representing  that  of  a  turkey-bii/zard  (Fig.  140).  Per 
forations  surround  the  body  of  the  vessel,  all  of  which,  including  one  through  the 
base,  were  made  before  the  clay  was  baked.  Height  of  body,  G.5  inches  ;  maximum 
diameter,  6.25  inches.  There  has  been  a  certain  amount  of  restoration  on  the  body, 
but  none  unless  adjacent  parts  clearly  authorized  it. 


FIG.  143.— Vessel  No.  14.     Mound  at  Bristol.     (About  four-fifths  size.) 

Vessel  No.  9. — A  graceful,  undecorated,  globular  bowl  with  a  small  perpendi 
cular  rim. 

Vessel  No.  10. — A  ceremonial  vessel  partly  covered  with  red  pigment,  11  inches 
maximum  diameter  of  body;  height,  8.75  inches  (Fig.  141).  There  are  two  bird- 
head  handles,  on  one  of  which  a  central  portion  of  the  bill  has  been  restored,  and 
an  entire  bill,  added  to  the  other.  There  are  two  encircling  rows  of  circular  holes, 


480      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 

made  before  the  clay  was  '•  fired."  Curiously  enough,  this  ready-made  mortuary 
vessel  has  no  basal  perforation. 

Vessel  No.  11. — A  globular  bowl  of  thick  ware,  decorated  on  the  inside  with 
crimson  pigment.  The  only  part  of  the  outer  surface  showing  decoration  is  an  up 
right  rim  about  1  inch  in  height. 

Vessel  No.  13. — A  bowl  of  yellow  ware,  shown  in  Fig.  142.  A  perforation 
has  been  broken  through  the  base. 

Vessel  No.  14. — Has  a  complicated  stamp  decoration  around  the  neck  (Fig. 
143).  The  usual  hole  has  been  knocked  through  the  bottom. 

Vessel  No.  16. — An  ordinary  shape  having  for  decoration  two  incised,  encir- 


FIG.  144. — Handle  of  earthenware  vessel.     Two  positions.     Mound  at  Bristol.     (Full  size.) 

cling  lines  just  below  the  rim.  This  vessel,  which  has  the  ordinary  basal  perfora 
tion,  was  broken  when  placed  in  the  mound,  as  one-half  was  found  within  the  other 
half,  in  a  reversed  position. 

Unassociated,  was  a  bird-head  handle  decorated  with  crimson  paint,  having  a 
feature  not  before  met  with  by  us,  consisting  of  an  opening  at  the  back  of  the  head. 
This  head  is  shown,  side  view  and  back  view,  in  Fig.  144. 

MOUND  NEAR  ATKINS'  LANDING,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER,  CALHOUN  COUNTY. 

This  mound,  on  the  edge  of  the  swamp,  about  one  mile  in  a  SE.  direction  from 
the  landing,  on  property  of  Mr.  W.  R.  Shields,  living  nearby,  had  been  riddled  with 
holes  and  seamed  with  trenches  previous  to  our  visit.  Its  height  is  3  feet,  its  basal 
diameter,  40  feet. 

Such  parts  of  the  mound  as  had  been  left  intact  yielded  nothing  to  our  inves 
tigation. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.     481 

MOUNDS   NEAR    Asi'ALAGA,    Al'ALACHICOLA    RlVER,    GADSDEN   COUNTY    (3). 

About  one  mile  in  a  NE.  direction  from  Aspalaga  Landing,  on  high  ground,  is 
a  large  field,  long  under  cultivation,  property  of  the  late  Mr.  John  L.  Smith  and 
now  under  management  of  Mr.  William  Smith,  living  nearby.  Over  this  field,  and 
especially  over  spaces,  dwelling  sites,  having  a  sprinkling  of  broken  mussel-shells 
and  of  Georgiana  vivipara  and  Campeloma  lima,  were  bits  of  pottery,  undecorated. 
with  small  check-stamp,  with  complicated  stamp,  with  rude  punctate  decoration, 
and,  in  one  or  two  instances,  of  good  ware  with  superior,  incised  decoration.  There 
were  also,  scattered  here  and  there  over  these  sites,  pebbles,  hammer-stones,  hones, 
fragments  and  Hakes,  of  chert,  partially-made  arrowheads,  a  few  complete  ones. 

In  this  field  were  three  mounds,  all  of  sand,  two  of  which,  low  and  much 
spread,  were  shown  by  thorough  digging  to  have  been  domiciliary  in  character. 

The  third  and  largest  had  a  somewhat  irregular  outline  caused,  or,  at  all  events, 
increased,  by  the  use  of  the  plough.  As  the  mound  stood  on  a  gentle  slope,  the 
height  of  the  artificial  portion  was  hard  to  determine.  Measurements  from  the 
west  side  gave  an  altitude  of  G  feet  8  inches.  On  the  east  side,  where  the  foot  of 
the  slope  was,  the  mound  was  9  feet  5  inches  high.  According  to  members  of  the 
family,  the  height  of  the  mound  had  been  reduced  at  least  5  feet  by  continued  cul 
tivation.  East  and  west  the  basal  diameter  of  the  mound  was  98  feet,  and  90  feet, 
north  and  south. 

While  there  had  been  a  certain  amount  of  previous  digging,  it  was  small  con 
sidering  the  area  of  the  mound.  The  mound,  including  certain  additional  territory 
surrounding  it,  was  completely  dug  through  by  us. 

Human  remains  were  found  at  fifty-four  points,  mainly  in  the  eastern  and 
western  sides,  though  burials  extended  around  somewhat  as  the  body  of  the  mound 
was  reached,  certain  ones  being  in  the  central  portion.  The  forms  of  burial  were  : 
the  lone  skull,  the  bunch,  the  flexed  burial,  and  bones  scattered  here  and  there.  In 
addition  to  these  there  was,  on  the  base  of  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  mound, 
a  small  pocket  of  calcined  fragments  of  human  bones.  Such  deposits  are  met  with 
occasionally  in  mounds  along  the  northwest  Florida  coast. 

The  condition  of  human  remains  was  fragmentary  in  the  extreme,  and  such 
parts  as  remained  were  in  the  last  stage  of  decay.  Burial  No.  29  consisted  of  a 
dark  stain  in  the  sand,  and  several  teeth  crumbling  into  dust,  Burial  No.  34  was 
made  up  of  a  few  minute  fragments  of  bone.  Presumably,  certain  burials  in  this 
mound  had  entirely  disappeared. 

But  one  calvarium  was  recovered.     It  showed  no  artificial  flattening. 

Considering  the  extent  of  the  mound,  remarkably  few  objects  had  been  placed 
with  the  dead. 

Burial  No.  2,  near  the  surface,  a  skeleton  from  which  the  ribs  and  one  arm 
were  missing,  had  seven  shell  beads  of  fair  size,  at  the  neck,  and  a  polished  "  celt " 
under  the  arm. 

Burial  No.  18  was  represented  by  one  bit  of  bone.  With  this  burial  was 
charcoal  and  what  remained  of  a  shell  drinking-cup. 

61  JOUEN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA.,  VOL.  XII. 


482       CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 

Burial  No.  26,  remnants  of  a  skull,  had  in  direct  association,  about  one-third 
of  a  large  pot. 

Burial  No.  28,  indications  of  a  flexed  burial,  had  a  few  shell  beads. 

Burial  No.  39,  the  remains  of  a  skull,  had  nearby:  a  polished  "celt;"  a  dis- 
coidal  stone  of  quartxite,  o  inches  in  diameter  on  top,  with  sides  slightly  converging 
toward  the  base,  and  a  shallow  pit  in  the  center  of  the  upper  part,  rough  in  appear 
ance,  possibly  used  for  the  cracking  of  nuts;  a  lance-head  of  chert,  4.5  inches  in 
length ;  two  arrow-points  or  knives,  of  the  same  material ;  part  of  a  lance-head,  a 
flake,  two  irregular  bits,  all  of  chert ;  one  smoothing  pebble  ;  one  pebble-hammer ; 
one  triangular  gouge  of  shell,  with  unground  edge  ;  two  cutting  implements  wrought 
from  columella) ;  certain  shells  (Murex  flavescens,  Rangia  cuneata,  Dosinia  discus). 

With  several  burials  was  more  or  less  charcoal.  In  one  place,  where  bones 
probably  had  disappeared  through  decay,  was  sand  tinged  with  hematite.  Just 
above  the  base,  at  the  center  of  the  mound,  was  a  local  layer  of  red  clay,  on  part 
of  which  lay  a  few  scattered  bones. 

Unassociated  objects,  except  earthenware,  were :  several  pebbles ;  one  arrow 
head  or  knife,  of  chert ;  a  thick  sheet  of  mica,  roughly  rounded  ;  another  with  the 


FIG.  145. — Pebble-hammer.     Mound  near  Aspalaga.     (Full  size.) 

outline  of  a  gpear-point;  several  shell  drinking-cups  found  with  the  pottery  de 
posit  ;  a  pebble-hammer  of  sedimentary  rock,  about  4  inches  long,  showing  an  encir 
cling  band  at  the  middle,  consisting  of  the  original  surface,  the  remainder  being 
worked  down  and  rounded  as  to  the  ends,  one  of  which  is  somewhat  chipped  by 
use  (Fig.  145). 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  mound,  under  the  slope,  with  a  sherd  deposit,  were 
a  number  of  masses  of  lime-rock,  each  from  1  foot  to  18  inches  in  diameter.  Rock 
of  this  sort  is  found  along  the  northernmost  parts  of  the  Apalachicola  river,  near 
which  this  mound  was. 

At  the  extreme  eastern  margin  of  the  mound,  the  advance  guard  of  the  pot 
tery  deposit,  was  a  number  of  sherds  scattered  here  and  there,  some  undecorated, 
some  bearing  a  complicated  stamp,  also  several  bases  of  vessels  with  four  feet. 
These  sherds  were  followed  by  portions  of  vessels  in  fragments,  and  by  vessels 
from  which  considerable  parts  were  missing.  All  these  were  of  inferior  ware  and 
decoration. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.     483 

The  first  whole  vessel,  a  small  bowl  with  in-turned  rim,  undecorated,  was  met 
with  8  feet  from  the  margin,  somewhat  north  of  east  in  the  mound.  This  vessel 
was  followed  by  single  ones,  mostly  pots,  here  and  there,  some  a  little  more  to  the 
eastward.  Some  of  these  were  undecorated  or  had  a  faint  complicated  stamp ; 
several  had  feet ;  and  some,  notches  around  the  rim.  Among  these  vessels  were 
fragments  of  others,  also  of  inferior  ware,  showing  the  ready  made  basal  perforation. 

Still  farther  in  were  a  few  vessels,  or  large  parts  of  vessels,  all  badly  crushed, 
some  of  which,  cemented  together  and  restored  in  part,  are  included  among  vessels 
particularly  described. 

All  these  vessels  and  sherds  lay  in  sand  much  darker  than  that  of  the  re 
mainder  of  the  mound,  a  feature  so  frequently  noted  among  the  mounds  of  the  north 
west  Florida  coast. 

The  more  noteworthy  vessels  will  now  be  described  in  detail.  But  one  is  with 
out  the  usual  mortuary  perforation. 

Vessel  No.  2. — Part  of  a  vase  of  yellow  ware,  with  the  upper  portion  missing 
(Fig.  146). 


FIG.  146.— Vessel  No.  2.     Mound  near  Aspalaga.     (Full  size.) 

Vessel  No.  4. — A  diminutive  pot,  undecorated  save  for  notches  around  the  rim. 

Vessel  No.  5. — Certain  parts  of  a  large,  globular  vessel  of  porous,  inferior  ware, 
decorated  on  the  outside  with  red  pigment.  The  body  has  numerous  perforations 
made  before  the  "firing"  of  the  clay.  The  base  is  missing.  A  large,  red,  bird- 
head  handle  was  found  with  this  vessel,  but  the  parts  uniting  it  to  the  vessel  were 
not  met  with. 

Vessel  No.  7. — A  vase  10.5  inches  high  and  8.25  inches  in  maximum  diameter 
of  body  which  is  heart-shaped  in  longitudinal  section.  The  neck  is  upright  and 
flaring,  and  has  incised  and  punctate  decoration  with  crimson  pigment  in  places. 


484     CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 

The  base  is  somewhat  flattened  to  allow  the  vessel  to  maintain  an  upright  position 
(Fig.  147). 

Vessel  No.  8. — A  vessel  of  about  4  quarts'  capacity,  of  inferior,  yellow  ware, 
found  in  fragments,  and  restored  in  places  (Fig.  148).  The  interesting,  incised  and 
punctate  decoration,  shown  diagrammatically  in  Fig.  149,  is  repeated  on  the  oppo 
site  side  of  the  vessel. 


FIG.  147. — Vessel  No.  7.     Mound  near  Aspalaga.     (Half  size.) 

Vessel  No.  9. — Certain  parts  of  a  large  human  effigy-vessel  were  met  with  at 
different  levels  in  the  mound  and  often  many  feet  distant  one  from  another.  Part 
of  the  base,  some  of  the  body,  and  the  face,  with  the  exception  of  a  fragment  of 
the  lower  left-hand  part,  were  recovered  and  have  been  cemented  together,  with  con 
siderable  restoration  which,  however,  was  clearly  indicated  by  portions  present.  An 
interesting  and  novel  feature  is  perforations  in  the  eyes  and  ears  (Fig.  150).  A 
number  of  other  vessels,  broken  and  scattered  in  the  way  this  figure  was,  were 
present  in  the  mound. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      485 


Fio.  148. —Vessel  No.  8.     Mound  near  Aspalaga.     (Three-fifths  size.) 


FIG.  14°. — Vessel  No.  8.     Decoration.     Mount!  near  Asrmlaga.     (Two-thirds  size.) 


486      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS.  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 


FIG.  150. — Vessel  Xo.  9.     Mound  near  Aspalaga.     (About  half  size.) 

Vessel  No.  10. — Ovoid,  with  circular  depressions  covering  the  entire  body, 
much  like  a  vessel  found  by  us  in  the  smaller  mound  near  Hare  Hammock,  north 
west  Florida  coast,1  though  that  vessel  is  more  carefully  made,  and  has,  also,  a  nar 
rower  opening.  The  impressions  on  that  vessel  have  a  comparatively  smooth  sur- 

1  Op.  tit.,  Part  II,  Fig.  13*. 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.       487 

face,  while  those  on  the  vessel  from  this  mound  seem  to  owe  their  origin  to  a  cir 
cular  object  with  a  slight,  rough  projection  at  the  center. 

Vessel  No.  11. — Twenty-one  feet  in  from  the  eastern  margin  of  the  mound  the 
black  sand  ended  and  no  earthenware  of  any  sort  was  met  with  in  the  mound  after 
ward,  with  the  exception  of  an  unassociated  vessel  in  the  southern  portion,  having 
an  ovoid  body  with  upright  rim  Haring,  then  constricted.  There  is  a  rather  rough, 
complicated  stamp-decoration.  This  vessel  has  no  basal  perforation  (Fig.  151). 

Several  bird-head  handles  lay  unassociated  in  the  sand.  One  has  a  perforation 
apparently  cut  after  the  baking  of  the  clay  (Fig.  152).  Another  (Fig.  153),  large 
and  hollow,  has  red  pigment  around  the  eyes. 

In  Fig.  154  is  given  a  selection  of  sherds  from  this  mound.  As  might  be  ex 
pected,  since  the  territory  in  which  the  mound  was  is  near  Georgia,  the  complicated 
stamp  is  largely  represented.  One,  on  the  left  of  the  second  row,  did  not  come 
from  the  mound,  but  from  the  surface  nearby. 


FIG.  151. — Vessel  No.  11.     Mound  near  Aspalaga.     (About  four-fifths  size.) 


FlG.  152. — Earthenware  handle  of 
vessel.  Mound  near  Aspalaga. 
(Full  size.)  FIG.  153. — Earthenware  handle  of  vessel.  Mound  near  Aspalaga.  (About  full  size.) 


FIG.  154. — Selection  of  sherds.     Mound  near  Aspalaga.     (Half  size.) 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICDLA  RIVER.      489 


MOUND  NEAR  SAMPSON'S  LANDING,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER,  JACKSON  COUNTY. 

This  mound,  within  sight  of  the  road,  about  one-half  mile  in  a  W.  direction 
from  the  landing,  on  property  belonging  to  Mr.  D.  L.  McKinnon,  Marianna,  Florida, 


FIG.  153. — Vessel  of  earthenware.     Mounil  near  Sampson's  Landing.     (About  four-fifths  size.) 
62  JOURN.  A.  N.  S.  PHILA..  VOL.  XII. 


490      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 

had  been  dug  into  superficially  in  the  center,  in  addition  to  which  a  hole  about  2.5 
feet  square  had  been  sunk  to  the  base.  The  mound,  sand  with  a  certain  admixture 
of  clay  and  gravel,  had  a  height  of  4. 5  feet;  a  basal  diameter  of  45  feet.  It  was 
totally  dug  down  by  us,  with  the  exception  of  parts  left  around  two  trees. 

Human  remains  were  encountered  forty-seven  times,  the  bones  being  badly 
decayed,  enough  only  remaining  to  indicate  the  form  of  burial.  Several  calvaria, 
recovered  uncrushed,  gave  no  evidence  of  artificial  flattening. 

The  burials,  found  in  all  parts  of  the  mound,  from  the  margin  in,  were  as  fol 
lows  as  to  form  :  scattered  bones,  1 ;  lone  skulls,  13  ;  bunched  burials,  11  ;  flexed 
skeletons,  22.  Of  the  flexed  skeletons,  none  of  which  was  met  with  until  the  dig 
ging  approached  the  body  of  the  mound,  all  were  flexed  on  one  side  or  on  the 
other,  except  one  which  lay  on  the  back  with  the  knees  raised.  Three  flexed 
burials  lay  under  masses  of  lime-rock.  One  lone  skull  was  in  dark  sand,  with 
charcoal  nearby. 


FIG.  156.— Vessel  of  earthenware.     Mound  near  Sampson's  Landing.     (Five-sixths  size.) 

There  were  in  the  mound,  in  addition  to  several  pebbles,  two  "  celts  "  which 
lay  separately,  unassociated,  and  seemed  to  have  been  put  in  in  a  general  way. 
Near  certain  earthenware  were  mica  and  part  of  a  shell  drinking-cup. 

Soon  after  the  digging  began  a  few  scattered  sherds  were  found,  plain,  with 
the  small  check-stamp,-  and  with  a  complicated  stamp.  Later,  part  of  a  pot  with  a 
complicated  stamp,  and  with  a  hole  knocked  through  the  base,  came  from  the  south 
western  part  of  the  mound,  and  a  large  fragment  with  rude,  incised  decoration  and 
basal  perforation  lay  near  the  southern  margin. 

When  the  digging  had  progressed  a  number  of  feet  into  the  eastern  side  of  the 


CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER.      491 

mound,  a  number  of  parts  of  vessels,  of  inferior  ware,  as  were  all  the  vessels  in  this 
mound,  bearing  the  small  check-stamp,  were  encountered.  Just  behind  these  were 
six  vessels  together,  one,  undecorated,  of  rather  graceful,  elliptical  section,  with  a 
hole  knocked  through  the  base,  in  common  with  all  vessels  from  this  mound.  Four 
vessels  of  this  deposit  are  undecorated ;  the  sixth  has  a  series  of  roughly  incised, 
diagonal,  parallel  lines,  around  the  neck  which,  long  and  flaring,  rises  from  a 
globular  body. 

Just  to  one  side  of  these  was  a  mass  of  sherds  from  various  vessels,  and  a  little 
farther  in,  were  two  pots  with  portions  missing,  one  having  a  faint  complicated 


^^ 


Flo.  157. — Decoration  on  vessel  shown  in  Fig.  150.     Mound  near  Sampson's  Landing.     (Half  size.) 

stamp,  the  other  undecorated.  With  these  was  a  graceful  jar  of  about  three  quarts' 
capacity,  shown  in  Fig.  155,  having  a  flat,  square  base.  Around  the  neck  is  a  com 
plicated  stamp-decoration.  Near  this  jar  was  a  vessel  in  fragments,  having  a  com 
plicated  stamp,  and  a  rude  pot  also  with  a  stamped  decoration  around  the  neck. 

Somewhat  farther  in  the  same  direction,  well  toward  the  center  of  the  mound, 
were  four  pots  and  bowls,  three  broken  and  undecorated.  The  fourth  vessel  (Fig. 
156)  has  a  curious,  incised  design,  evidently  symbolical,  shown  diagrammatically  in 
Fig.  157.  Part  of  the  rim  has  been  restored.  A  few  feet  to  one  side  of  this  vessel 
was  a  pot  with  parallel  lines  roughly  incised  beneath  the  rim. 

This  was  the  last  occurrence  of  earthenware  met  with  by  us  on  the  Apala- 
chicola  river,  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  persistence  of  the  ceremonial  deposit 
of  earthenware  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  mounds  and  the  occurrence  of  the  mor 
tuary  mutilation  of  the  base. 

MOUNDS  NEAR  CHATTAIIOOCHEE  LANDING,  APALACHICOLA  RIVER, 
GADSDEN  COUNTY  (7). 

On  the  river's  bank,  at  the  landing,  half  cut  away  by  the  wash  of  freshets,  is 
part  of  a  domiciliary  mound  of  clay,  formerly  circular  in  outline.  Height,  7  feet ; 
diameter  of  base,  78  feet;  diameter  of  summit  plateau,  38  feet. 

A  short  distance  farther  up,  along  the  bank,  is  the  wreck  of  a  large  mound 
half  washed  away  by  the  river.  This  mound,  of  clay,  has  several  frame  buildings 
upon  it.  Its  height  is  11  feet. 


492      CERTAIN  ABORIGINAL  MOUNDS.  APALACHICOLA  RIVER. 

In  the  swamp,  in  sight  from  the  river,  and  but  a  short  distance  from  the  mounds 
just  described,  are  four  others.  The  southernmost,  of  circular  outline,  composed  of 
sand  with  a  certain  admixture  of  clay,  is  4  feet  in  height,  70  feet  across  the  base, 
and  40  feet  across  the  summit  plateau. 

About  50  yards  farther,  in  a  NW.  by  N.  direction,  is  a  circular  mound  of  clay, 
covered  with  a  considerable  thickness  of  sand.  Basal  diameter,  66  feet ;  diameter 
of  summit  plateau,  30  feet ;  height,  3  feet. 

Fifty  yards  in  a  NW.  direction  from  the  last  mound,  is  a  mound  of  circular 
outline,  3.5  feet  high,  58  feet  across  the  base  and  26  feet  across  the  summit  plateau. 

Continuing  40  yards  WSW.,  we  came  upon  a  mound  near  the  road,  much 
spread,  46  feet  in  diameter  of  base,  and  1.5  feet  high. 

The  two  mounds  partly  cut  away  by  the  river  were  not  dug  into  by  us,  the 
cross-section  made  by  the  river  showing  them  to  have  been  domiciliary. 

The  swamp-mounds  were  thoroughly  investigated  and  found  to  be  domiciliary 
in  character. 

The  mounds  of  the  Apalachicola  river  yielded  nothing  especially  novel. 

The  forms  of  burial  were  the  same  as  those  prevailing  along  the  northwest 
coast  of  Florida,  namely,  the  bunch,  the  flexed  skeleton,  the  lone  skull,  scattered 
bones,  and,  very  rarely,  the  pocket  of  calcined  remains.  The  burial  of  skulls  under 
great  bowls,  a  custom  met  with  in  places  along  the  Florida  coast  as  far  east  as  St. 
Andrew's  bay,  was  not  met  with  on  the  Apalachicola  river ;  nor  was  the  urn-burial 
proper,  where  bones  are  placed  in  vessels  covered  by  others,  inverted,  met  with  by 
us  on  the  river,  though,  last  season,  we  found  one  example  of  this  form  of  burial  in 
a  mound  on  Ocklockonee  bay,  to  the  eastward  of  Apalachicola. 

The  earthenware  of  the  river  was  found  to  be  inferior  in  quality.  The  gritty 
ware  of  Georgia  was  not  met  with  nor  was  the  shell-tempered  ware  of  Alabama, 
with  the  exception  of  certain  pieces  in  a  single  mound.  In  this  mound,  curiously 
enough,  were  several  vessels  of  polished,  black  ware,  the  specialty  of  Mississippi, 
which  we  had  not  found  east  of  Choctawhatchee  bay,  on  the  coast,  and  many 
earthenware  vessels  which,  in  material,  shape  and  decoration,  recalled  the  yield  of 
mounds  considerably  farther  to  the  westward. 

Ceremonial  vessels,  "  killed  "  by  a  basal  perforation  and  by  holes  throughout 
the  body,  made  before  the  firing  of  the  clay,  were  found  in  considerable  numbers 
along  the  Apalachicola  river  and,  as  is  the  case  with  similar  vessels  met  with  by  us 
along  the  Florida  coast  between  St.  Andrew's  bay  and  the  Warrior  river,  the  ware 
is  most  inferior  in  quality,  as  might  be  expected  of  vessels  purposely  made  for  in 
terment  with  the  dead. 

The  custom  prevalent  along  the  northwest  Florida  coast,  to  place  deposits  of 
vessels  for  the  dead  in  common  in  the  eastern  part  of  mounds,  obtained  also  on  the 
Apalachicola  river. 


INDEX. 


Amethyst,  pendant  of,  from  In 
diana,  400. 

Amethystine  quartz,  pendant  of, 
400. 

Analysis  of  sheet  copper,  412. 

Animal  heads,  rudimentary,  ves 
sel  with,  459. 

Annular  shape,  vessel  of,  389. 

Aspalaga,  mounds  near,  4X1. 

Association  of  objects  in  Crystal 
river  mound,  412. 

Astragalus  of  deer,  412,  429. 

Atkins'  Landing,  mound  near, 
480. 

Bar-amulets,  399. 

Barbed  fish-hook  of  bone,  446. 

Bayport,  mound  near,  415. 

Beads  of  shell,  but  few  in  Crys 
tal  river  mound,  397. 

Bear  Landing,  mound  near,  377. 

Bear-teeth,  400. 

Bird-head  handle  with  opening 
in  back,  481. 

Bird-head  handles  used  as  pend 
ants,  414. 

Bitumen  enclosing  copper,  408. 

Bitumen  on  pendants,  397,  400, 
408. 

Black  pigment,  design  in,  391. 

Blountstown,  mound  near,  467. 

Bone  fish-hook,  412,  446,  447. 

Bone,  implements  of,  412,  429, 
442,  446. 

Bone  tubes,  429. 

Brass  gorgets,  447,  460. 

Brickyard  creek,  mound  on,  441. 

Bristol,  mound  below,  473. 

Bristol,  mound  near,  474. 

Burgess  Landing,  mound  near, 
443. 

Calcined  remains,  415,  425,429, 
437. 

Canine  teeth  of  carnivora,  imi 
tated  in  rock,  400. 

Catlinite,  ornaments  of,  400. 


Cedar  Keys,  mound  near,  373. 
"Celts"    ceremonially    broken, 

397. 
Ceremonial   mound    w  i  t  h  i  n    a 

mound,  472. 
Certain    Aboriginal    Mounds  of 

the  Apalachicola  River,  439. 
Certain    Aboriginal    Mounds  of 

the  Florida  West-coast,  363. 
Chassahowitzka   river,  m  o  u  n  d 

near,  413. 
Chattahoochee  Landing,  mounds 

near,  491. 

Chipola  Cut  off,  mound  near,  445. 
Clearwater,  mound  near,  434. 
Compartment-vessel,    370,    422, 

456,  457. 
Complicated  stamp  and  pigment 

in  combination,  473. 
Complicated  stamp,  southern  lim 
it  of,  in  Florida,  437. 
Copper  ear-plugs    silver-coated, 

410,  411. 
Copper   embedded    in    bitumen, 

408. 

Copper  fish-spear,  371. 
Copper,  objects  of  solid,  unusual 

in  Florida,  438. 
Copper  pendants,  399. 
Copper,  sheet-,  analysis  of,  412. 
Copper,    sheet-,    ear-plugs  with 

excised  designs,  408,  409. 
Copper,    sheet-,    ear-plugs    with 

pearls,  411. 

Copper,  sheet ,  fragments  of,  417. 
Copper,  sheet-,  rudely  decorated, 

411. 
Copper,  sheet-,  tubular  beads  of, 

412. 

Copper,  sheet-,  with  fluted  deco 
ration,  412. 
Cosmic  sign  on  copper  ear-plug, 

410. 
Cranial  flattening  not  met  with 

along    central    Florida   west- 
coast,  437. 


Crystal  River  settlement,  mound 
near,  413. 

Crystal  river  shell-heap,  mound 
near,  379. 

Cup  made  from  Fasciolarin,  394. 

Cup  made  from  Melongcna  co 
rona,  394. 

Cushing,  Frank  Hamilton,  433. 

Davis'  Field,  mound  in,  468. 
Decoration    on  vessel,    red   and 

black  pigment,  393. 
Deposit  of  ornaments  of  various 

rocks,  400. 
Discoidal  stone,  482. 
Dry  creek,  mounds  near,  377. 

Earthenware,  365, 366,  367,  368, 
369,  370,  371,  376,  378,  383, 
384,  385,  386,  387,  388,  389, 
390,  391,  393,  413,  414,  415, 
417,  419,  421,  422,  423,  424, 
425,  426,  429,  432,  433,  436, 
442,  443,  444,  445,  446,  447, 
448,  449,  450,  451,  452,  453, 
454,  455,  456,  457,  458,  459, 
460,  461,  462,  463,  464,  465, 
470,  471,  472,  473,  474,  475, 
476,  477,  478,  479,  483,  484, 
485,  486,  487,  488,  490,  491. 

Effigy-vessel,  371,  470,  471,  4S4. 

Effigy-vessel  of  human  form,  371 , 
484. 

Estiffanulga,  mound  near,  466. 

Face,  human,  on  vessel,  384. 
Fasciolaria  made  iutoadrinking- 

cup,  394. 
Fish-head,  bowl  decorated  with, 

462. 

Fish  hook  of  bone,  412, 446,  447. 
Fish-hook  of  bone,  barbed,  446. 
Fish-spear  of  copper,  371. 
:  Five-pointed  dish,  449. 
;  Fowler's  Landing,  mound  near, 

364. 
Fowler's  Landing.smaller  mound 

near,  371. 


494 


INDEX. 


Gigger  Point,  mound  near,  374. 
Glass  beads,  447. 
Gorgets  of  shell,  396,  397. 

Hand,  human,  incised  on  earth 
enware,  384. 

Hematite,  sand  colored  with, 
374,  382,  399,  415,  426,  434, 
435,  437,  482. 

Hog  Island,  mound  on,  433. 

Human  form,  effigy-vessel  of, 
371,  484. 

Implements  of  bone,  412,  429, 

442,  446. 
Implements   of  fossil    material, 

399. 
Implements  of  shell,  395,  396, 

412,  415,  417,  429,  432,  442, 

446,  474,  482. 

Indian  Bend,  mound  near,  414. 
Indian  creek,  mound  near,  424. 
Isabel  Landing,  mound  near,  445. 

Jaw  of  puma,  pierced,  400. 
John's  Pass,  mound  near,  434. 

Lance  heads  ceremonially  bro 
ken,  397. 

Life-form  in  earthenware,  highly 
conventionalized,  421. 

Life-forms  in  earthenware,  not 
found  on  central  Florida  west- 
coast,  363,  437. 

Lime  rock  in  mounds,  383,  482. 

Lirnonite,  sand  colored  with,  382. 

Long  Key,  mound  on,  436. 

Maps,  361,  362,  440. 
Melonyena    corona,    cup     made 

from,  394. 
Mica  given   the   outline   of  an 

arrow-  or  lance- head,  375,  475, 

482. 
Mica   with    central   perforation, 

469. 
"  Monitor  "-pipe  from  peninsular 

Florida,  394. 
Mound,    ceremonial,    within     a 

mound,  472. 
Mounds  investigated,  364,  441. 

Oyster-shells  with  burials,  374, 
378,  383. 


Pearls  on  sheet-copper  ear-plugs, 

411. 

Pendant,  long,  of  slate,  399,  400. 
Pendant  of  amethystine  quartz, 

400. 
Pendant    of    slate,    beautifully 

made,  429. 

Pendants,  bird-form,  399,  430. 
Pendants,  great  deposit  of,  399. 
Pendants,    method    of   wearing 

them,  408. 

Pendants  of  copper,  399,  408. 
Pendants  of  quartz  crystal,  400. 
Pendants  of  rock,  ,399,  412,  413, 

414,  426,  430,  431,  432. 
Pendants  of  rock-crystal,  399. 
Pendants  of  shell,  397,  412,  431, 

432. 
Perforation  of  base  of  vessels  after 

baking,   365,   376,   386,    387, 

389,  393,  394,  413,  415,  421, 

425,  430,  473,  474,  475,  477, 

478,  480,  490,  491. 
Perforation    of  base   of  vessels, 

made  before  baking,  426,  470, 
471,  479,  483. 

Perforations,  ready-made,  i  n 
body  of  vessel,  453,  470,  471, 

479,  483. 

Pipes  used  in  smoking,  393,  394, 

474. 

Pipe  with  basal  perforation,  393. 
Pithlochascootie    river,    mound 

near,  426. 
Post  Columbian  mound,  466. 

Quartz,  amethystine,  pendant  of, 

400. 
Quartz  crystal,  pendants  of,  400. 

Remarks  on  mounds  of  central 
Florida  west-coast,  437,  438. 

Remarks  on  mounds  of  the  Apa- 
lachicola  river,  492. 

Restoration  of  earth  e  n  w  a  r  e  , 
method  of,  364. 

Rock-crystal  pendants,  399. 

Rock  Landing,  mound  near,  379. 

Sampson's  Landing,  mound  near, 
489. 

Sharks'  teeth  used  in  wood-carv 
ing,  412. 


Sheet-brass,  447. 

Sheet-copper,  analysis  of,  412. 

Sheet-silver  on  copper  ear-plugs, 
410,  411. 

Shell-heap,  Crystal  river,  mound 
near,  379. 

Shell  implements,  395,  396,  412, 
415,  417,  429,  432,  442,  446, 
474,  482. 

Shell  pendants,  397,  412,  431, 
432. 

Shell-tempered  ware,  436,  462. 

Shell  tempered  ware  rarely  found 
in  peninsular  Florida,  377, 436. 

Silver,  sheet  ,  on  copper  ear 
plugs,  410,  411. 

Six  feet,  vessel  with,  387. 

Skulls  from  mounds,  374,  434, 
435. 

Skulls  showing  marks  of  disease, 
434. 

Smoking  pipes,  393,  394,  474. 

Smoking  pipe  with  basal  per 
foration,  393. 

Stopper-shaped  objects  of  earth 
enware,  462. 

Suwannee  river,  mounds  on,  373. 

Symbols,  animal,  on  copper  ear- 
plug,  410. 

Tarpon  Springs,  mound  near, 433. 
Teeth  of  bear,  400. 
Territory  investigated,  363. 
Tube  of  earthenware,  394. 
Tubes  of  bone,  429. 

Urn  burials  not  found  in  penin 
sular  Florida,  437. 

Vessel,  part  of,  of  unusual  form 
for  Florida,  462. 

Vessels,  ceremonial,  not  found 
along  central  Florida  west- 
coast,  437. 

Walker,   S.  T.,   427,    433,    434, 

436. 
Wekiwachee  river,  mound  near, 

425. 
Willoughby,  C.  C.,  409. 

Yon  mound,  473. 


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